Comparison of Peer Tutored Remedial Reading Using the Pause,Prompt and Praise Procedure with an Individualised Tape‐assisted Reading Programme

In this study ten 9‐ to 11‐year‐old, low progress readers were randomly assigned to receive assistance through one of two remedial reading programmes, i.e. peer tutoring using Pause, Prompt and Praise procedures or an individualised tape‐assisted reading programme (TARP). An educational psychologist trained primary teachers to implement and monitor both programmes. Results of the eight‐week programme indicated substantial gains for readers on both programmes with gains being maintained and even increased at follow‐up. While reading gains for tutees on the peer tutoring programme were similar to those for readers on TARP, the greatest gains were made by peer tutors.     

Contexts for Remedial Reading: Practice Reading and Pause,Prompt and Praise tutoring

Abstract Fourteen residential childcare workers were trained to implement both a Practice Reading and the Pause, Prompt and Praise remedial reading procedures in school and cottage settings with 18 low‐progress readers of primary school age. Pause, Prompt and Praise procedures were introduced in each setting only if readers made insufficient progress with Practice Reading alone. Childcare workers displayed major change in their tutoring behaviour between baseline (untrained tutoring) conditions and trained tutoring conditions (Practice Reading or Pause, Prompt and Praise). Readers who received a six week programme of individual reading assistance made significant gains on standardised tests of reading accuracy and comprehension and made accelerated progress through graded book levels, while children in the comparison group did not. Results are discussed in terms of the interactive social contexts provided by the two procedures and of the opportunities for reciprocal gains in skill between readers and tutors with the Pause, Prompt and Praise procedures.     

Addressing individual difficulties in reading: issues relating to Reading Recovery and Pause,Prompt, Praise

Recently the DfES has issued guidance on ways to address the needs of students who experience difficulties in literacy through Wave Three provision in the National Literacy Strategy ( DfES, 2002 ). This guidance raises the issue of what kind of programmes might be initiated in mainstream schools that will improve what is available generally for pupils who experience difficulties. The original Literacy Taskforce report (1997) named Reading Recovery (RR) as one programme suitable for this purpose. It is not the only programme with 'proven' efficacy, however. This article compares RR and another New Zealand‐based programme, Pause, Prompt, Praise (PPP) with which it has a number of characteristics in common, in order to examine particular issues which are important to ensure that a particular programme can meet individual children's literacy needs and also have the potential for adoption by LEAs and schools in the current national curricular context. These issues are the underpinning rationales, assumptions about the reading process and questions of resources, ownership and control ( Openshaw et al., 2002 ).     

Do Boys or Girls Make Better Reading Tutors? An Empirical Study to Examine Children's Effectiveness as Tutors Using the Pause,Prompt and Praise Procedures

This study aimed to assess the effects of single‐sex and cross‐gender pairings in the context of the ‘pause, prompt and praise’ procedures for improving reading, the effects of boys as tutors compared with girls as tutors and those of choice in sex of tutor. Four groups were involved in the study: boys tutoring boys, girls tutoring girls, girls tutoring boys and boys tutoring girls. The tutees were 24 Year 7 pupils and the tutors were 24 Year 10 pupils from a large suburban comprehensive school in the Midlands of England. The reading age of each of the tutees was measured both before and after the intervention so that gains in reading age could be evaluated. The results showed that peers could be successfully trained to use the pause, prompt and praise techniques and that these were effective in raising the reading standards of tutees in all four groups. However, little evidence was found to suggest that any of the pairings was any more successful than the others or that the sex of the tutor had any significant effect on the tutoring outcome. On the other hand, however, there was some evidence that choice of tutor sex might have an effect on gains in tutee's measured reading ages     

同伴教学方法与我国大学英语精读教学改革

学生的认知是学生积极思维的过程，是学生主动建构知识的过程，是整合知识、融会贯通并形成新的知识结构的过程。教学应促进学生对知识的吸纳、理解、转化和创造性的运用。在大学英语精读教学中，同伴教学可以激发学生的认知潜力，发挥教师的主导作用，从而实现教与学的互动与相长。     

Using Peer Coaches to Build Oral Reading Fluency

Fluent oral reading is essential for success in elementary school. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of enhanced reading fluency instruction for struggling readers. The intervention was provided to small groups of students at risk for reading difficulties. Students were assessed on key early literacy skills. Second-grade students who were at risk for reading failure and who received supplemental intervention scored higher on measures of fluency than students who received only typical classroom instruction; the effects of enhanced fluency instruction were evident across different dosages for many children at risk for reading failure. In addition, statistically significant improvements and relationships were evident for oral reading fluency and comprehension. We discuss guidelines for developing and using the intervention in other classrooms.     

The Right Tools for the Wrong Job: a response to Leach and Siddall on parental involvement in the teaching of reading with particular reference to Pause,Prompt and Praise tutoring

Leach and Siddall (1990) present a comparison study of four methods of involving parents in the teaching of reading. It is argued here that one of the procedures they employed, ‘Pause, Prompt and Praise’, was used inappropriately with a group of children for whom it was not designed. Consequently, any conclusions drawn from this study about the relative effectiveness of ‘Pause, Prompt and Praise’ compared with the other procedures are unwarranted.     

初读:打好阅读教学的第一根基桩简

初读环节是整体感知课文、理解课文的基础,是培养良好语感的重要途径,也是学生在校学习要获得的一种最基本的语文能力。在初读教学中,要从整体观念出发,引导学生从了解全文内容入手,对课文有个初步的整体印象,把握文章构架,理解字词,为细读课文打好基础。可根据文体的不同、教学对象的差异,在读前提出明确的初读要求,让学生边读边思考,不能过于仓促,要关注全体学生,不能流于形式,要认真地检查落实。     

语文阅读教学要重视读

语文阅读课姓"读"不姓"讲"。传统的语文教育思想体现了语文学习的基本理念,即读写吟诵,其中读是第一要素。阅读教学要重视感受、体验、咀嚼、涵泳。这是一个不断领悟、吸收、内化的过程。这一切,其基础在于阅读,抛开阅读,相当于学习语文成了无本之木、无水之源。     

语文阅读课堂与原形阅读理论

教材、学生、教师三方各以自己的方式决定着语文阅读课堂的生成。课文是一个相对完整的语文教材基本单位。学生的阅读思维可分为两种:原形阅读——顺着文思流动的方向而流动的阅读思维;超原形阅读——先触摸作者文思,然后跳出作者文思,根据自己的知识经验对课文某一局部或某一方面作思考的阅读思维。教师掌握“原形阅读理论”对于设计阅读教学,提高课堂效率会有直接的帮助。     

Metacognitive Instruction in Map Reading

This study sought to examine the effects of a metacognitively based strategy training programme on infantrymen's success and speed in beating themselves on two‐dimensional topographical maps in two contexts: in the classroom using three‐dimensional models and in the actual field. Experimental subjects received approximately 150 minutes of strategy training in which observing widely, focusing attention, talking associations between topographical features, inspecting the map and checking for correctness were the main elements. Three‐dimensional models were employed as part of the training. Control subjects were trained using traditional methods of grid referencing leading to map‐to‐ground exercises. Results from the model testing phase showed Experimental subjects superior to Control subjects in accuracy of location but no differences in location times. The field test results showed a tendency for more accurate location by Experimental subjects but this was at the expense of time. The results are discussed in terms of speed/accuracy trade‐offs and the nature of strategy training in the future.     

意境特征与语文阅读教学

意境是具有鲜明民族特色的美学范畴。文章通过对意境及其特征的分析，认为文学之所以有意境，是因为它通过了读者这一主体的审美观照或审美感受，意境内蕴着对阅读者的主体性的尊重。语文阅读教学要体现学生的主体性，进行创新教育和人文关怀，就应引进意境这一范畴，注重对作品的意境的品赏。语文阅读教学过程应该是走入意境的过程，因为走入意境的过程正是对学生主体性的尊重和落实的过程。     

阅读与阅读教学：心理学视角

阅读是一项复杂的认知过程,涉及整合、组织、精加工、监控等过程。阅读教学要培养学生调节和控制上述认知过程的能力,而不能仅仅停留在促进学生对课文内容的理解上。区分阅读与阅读教学,对明确阅读教学的目标至关重要。     

英语朗读中的断句能力研究

从断句能力与句意理解的关系入手,运用标准工具检测研究法,借助SPSS数据统计软件对所得数据进行分析,结果发现英语测试成绩高水平组和低水平组的朗读断句能力存在显著性差异;高水平组的朗读断句能力明显高于低水平组的朗读断句能力;高水平组与低水平组的朗读断句能力分别与他们对句意的理解呈正相关。     

图式理论与图式阅读教学初探

现代认知心理学的图式理论是阅续心理学领域研究阅读理解过程的主流理论，文章图式有助于提高阅读效率和阅读质量，使读者知识的结构化、系统化程度大为提高，和常规教学相比，图式教学更能有效地提高学生的阅读理解能力和推理能力。     

图式论与大学英语阅读教学

本文运用图式阅读理论的语言图式 ,内容图式及形式图式 ,阐述了图式理论与阅读之间的关系 ,并提出了运用图式论指导外语阅读教学的方法。