试论中国工业结构调整与升级中的高等工程教育

在工业社会,经济结构、劳动力需求结构与教育结构、教育层次的形成有着密不可分的关系。而在经济结构中,工业结构特别是产业结构和技术结构与劳动力的需求结构、教育结构之间的相互制约关系最为密切。高等工程教育作为为工矿企业,特别是为制造业培养高层次应用型、开拓型人才的专业教育,应直接反映工业化社会经济结构状况与发展水平的需要。本文分析了中国工业经济、产业结构变动和发展趋势与高等工程教育之间的关系,强调了企业界参与高等工程教育的重要性和必要性。     

Restructuring the System of Higher Education

We investigate the main question of whether higher education institutions are able to increase their performance due to mergers, takeovers, or organizational restructuring. The problem of measuring performance when there are several “output” and “input” indicators can currently be solved by recourse to a proven data analysis method (data envelopment analysis, DEA). Two models are presented to assess the educational and research performance of universities. The DEA model, which is input orientated and has constant returns to scale, was used to perform calculations. To conduct a comparative analysis of groups of universities that are at various stages of the restructuring process, the study authors proposed several classifications of universities:

• by number of consolidated and/or eliminated organizational units,

• by period when restructuring was completed,

• by type of restructuring mechanism, and

• on the basis of whether technical colleges have been joined to the university in question.

We used nonparametric statistical methods for comparing averages to test the proposed hypotheses. Our study sample consisted of 132 universities whose parent agency is the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. The authors did not discover that the performance of the universities deteriorated as a result of the restructuring process. It turned out that universities that actively participate in restructuring processes in fact increased their performance level relative to other universities.

The study did not reveal that institutions that are currently in the process of being merged with or taken over by other institutions experience a temporary decline and subsequent restoration of their performance level. The performed analysis did not confirm the hypothesis that universities that absorbed technical colleges experienced a drop in their performance level. The results of the study unanimously show that by 2015 universities made progress in bridging the gap with the performance level of their leading competitors compared to 2010. The authors are aware that the verification of the accuracy of the proposed arguments requires a more detailed study of the universities. Because many countries have already accumulated a large amount of experience in how to restructure institutions of higher education, the results of the present study of the restructuring of Russian universities make it possible to draw comparisons as well as to use the developed theoretical concepts to explain and predict the possible consequences of using various restructuring mechanisms. The study is based on the widely accepted method of data envelopment analysis. This article represents the first time that this method has been used to benchmark university performance over time.     

The Restructuring of Higher Education in Economics

The changing structure of higher education in economics is discussed in the context of the dual elements of control exerted through the Universities Funding Council (UFC) research assessment exercises and the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) recognition exercises. The evidence points to a major restructuring taking place within the old university sector with the majority of economics departments making up a second 'mixed' tier while the new universities are primarily but not exclusively 'teaching' institutions. On the whole 'research' tier departments have achieved overall excellence but there are a few cases where a departments position is based on a specialist niche in the subject. While departmental size is linked to research output there is evidence of research excellence throughout the Higher Education (HE) sector and the paper argues against a severe rationalization of research funds. The significance of the changes for course delivery are briefly discussed.     

Devolution and the Restructuring of Participation in Higher Education in Wales

This paper examines patterns of participation in higher education (HE) Wales, in the context of the devolution of powers over HE to the National Assembly for Wales and the Welsh Assembly Government. In particular, this democratic devolution has resulted in the introduction of arrangements for student finance which are quite distinctive from those in other parts of the UK. In the event, trends in participation amongst Welsh‐domiciled young people (even when disaggregated by gender and socio‐economic background) show little evidence of impacts from these arrangements. Analysis of the geography of participation within Wales does reveal some evidence of convergence between areas of low and high participation. The picture is further complicated when the flows of students into and out of Wales, which are much larger than for other parts of the UK, are taken into account. This poses major questions for Welsh policy makers, especially because, from 2007–2008, there will be a significant price differential for Welsh‐domiciled students studying in Wales and those who wish to go elsewhere.     

Restructuring Higher Education. A Comparative Analysis between Australia and The Netherlands

It must be considered that there is nothing more difficult to carry out, nor more doubtful to success, than to initiate a new order of things. For the reformer has enemies in all those who profit by the old order, and only lukewarm defenders in all those who profit by the new order, this lukewarmness arising partly from fear of their adversaries, who have the laws in their favour; and partly from the incredulity of mankind, who do not truly believe in anything new until they have actual experience of it. (Machiavelli)

     

谈资源枯竭城市产业转型与发展高职教育

阐述城市产业转型是一项极其复杂的系统工程,大力发展高等职业教育是这一工程中的重要一环。通过分析高职院校要为资源枯竭型城市产业转型与经济发展服务,提出高等职业教育的发展战略与保障措施,主要有五个方面:投入保障机制;招生、就业保障机制;学生实习、实训保障机制;师资队伍建设保障机制;评估、评价保障机制。     

Globalisation and Higher Education Restructuring in Hong Kong,Taiwan and Mainland China

Globalisation and the evolution of the knowledge-based economy have caused dramatic changes in the character and functions of higher education in most countries around the world. However, the impacts of globalisation on universities are not uniform even though similar business-like practices have been adopted to cope with competition in the global marketplace. The pressure for restructuring and reforming higher education is mainly derived from growing expectations and demands of different stakeholders in society. In the last decade, government bureaucracy, public service institutions and higher education institutions and universities have been significantly affected by the tidal wave of the public sector reform around the world. Apart from improving the efficiency and effectiveness of public services, universities are confronted with a situation in which the principles of financial accountability and responsiveness to stakeholders prevail amidst the massification stage under the condition of global economic retrenchment. In response to such pressing demands for change, policies and strategies of decentralisation, privatisation and marketisation are becoming increasingly popular measures in university governance. Reform strategies and measures like quality assurance, performance evaluation, financial audit, corporate management and market competition are adopted to reform and improve the performance of the higher education sector. This article examines the most recent higher education reforms and restructuring in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Mainland China, with particular reference to the issues related to globalisation of decentralisation and marketisation in higher education.     

高校合并整合管理的界面探讨

高校合并后的整合管理，涉及到办学思想、大学文化、学科专业、组织制度以及人力资源等界面，而每个界面对合并高校能否达到1＋1＞2的协同效应都会产生十分重要的影响。本文从五个界面全面探讨了运用这些运作手段对高校合并管理的影响与作用。     

深化高职体制改革服务浙江经济发展

本文从分析浙江省高等职业教育发展的现状出发,指出当前浙江省高职教育存在的问题及根本原因所在.并由此提出发展高职必须深化改革以突破体制障碍,在扩大资源共享的同时,高职院校必须形成特色竞争力的发展思路.     

Interdisciplinary Groups and Leadership Teams: Restructuring World Higher Education for Information Processing

Adaptations by higher education to an information-processing world will involve the development of new organizational forms that encourage and reward collaboration. As the world ‘becomes smaller’, we are rediscovering the interdependence of things. The leadership team and interdisciplinary group are emerging as the workplaces for the information-processing world. Colleges and universities that develop viable networks for processing information will lead the way into the 21st century. Recommendations for higher education worldwide include the following: developing interdisciplinary, team-taught courses of study; forming interdisciplinary groups to bring together people to analyze problems; implementing leadership teams in the decision-making structures of departments, schools and colleges. The creation of interdisciplinary problem-solving groups as the building blocks of the information-processing society will require changes in our attitudes toward leadership. The leader as servant will emerge as governance model. Changes in our systems of selection, evaluation and promotion of faculty and administrators will also be required. Interdisciplinary groups and leadership teams will form the infrastructure of the new world order of information processing and decision making.     

苏州经济的转型升级与高职教育的新契机

苏州经济已步入工业化后期,转型升级、创新发展已成为未来发展的主旋律,经济转型对人才提出了新的要求。因此,苏州高职教育主导专业要与苏州主导产业保持吻合,并加大现代服务业、新兴产业相适应的创新型人才的培养力度。     

全球化与高等教育:研究的主题、进展与框架重构

全球化是世界范围内社会关系的日益强化,它是当代社会最重要的特征之一,对高等教育产生了深刻的影响.探究全球化与高等教育的关系,剖析全球化对高等教育政策和实践的主要影响,有利于深化对当代高等教育性质和特征的认识.全球化与高等教育研究已经发展为一个新兴的研究领域,积累了大量的文献和许多有益的结论.理论分析和文献述评揭示,为了深化对全球化与高等教育关系的研究,促进高等教育的健康发展,需要建立新的理论视角和研究框架.     

Global Trends,National Policies and Institutional Responses: Restructuring Higher Education in Malaysia

A significant global trend during the 1990s is the restructuring of higher education systems. The essence of this restructuring process is a redefinition of the relationship between institutions of higher learning, the state, and the market, and a drastic reduction of institutional autonomy. This article is an analysis of the restructuring process in the forms of privatisation of higher education and corporatisation of public universities in Malaysia. This analysis highlights the context of higher education reforms in the era of globalization, major trends in higher education reforms and Malaysias responses to these global trends. By focusing on the institutional level, this article examines the expansion and diversification of private higher education as well as the change in the governance and culture of public universities brought about by privatisation and corporatisation.     

高等教育要适应我国经济结构的战略性调整

经济结构转型和产业结构高级化为我国高等教育发展提出了新的要求,即各高等学校要根据各自的科技综合实力和办学特色,进行适应国家经济结构的战略性调整的教育教学改革,以适应国际和国内经济发展的新要求,支援国家现代市场体系建设,加快经济强国的步伐。     

The Restructuring of China's Higher Education: an experience for market economy and knowledge economy

Although we all learn differently, we all need to be able to engage certain fundamental reasoning skills if we are to manoeuvre successfully through life—however we define success. Peirce's philosophy provides us with a framework for helping students (and ourselves) develop and hone the ability for making deliberate and well‐considered choices. For, embedded within Peirce's complete body of work is a design for thinking that provides a sturdy foundation for the development of three important learning capabilities. These capabilities are 1) the ability to identify, compare, and contrast qualities, 2) the ability to perform analyses, and 3) the ability to interpret the meaning of signs. Although these capabilities may seem like the sort of skills that only older and academically inclined students can master, even young children and the intellectually challenged can learn to use them as well. Once teachers learn to develop their own intellectual potential by expanding these capabilities within themselves, they will be able to begin bringing about the development of these capabilities in their students. Once identified, developed, and applied to the mastery of educational skills and subject matter, these three fundamental learning capabilities (qualification, analysis, and interpretation), can form the foundation of a common‐sense approach to educational reform. Peirce asserts that good reasoning must be informed by ethical considerations, which in turn has been informed by the highest of aesthetic impulses. From this, we can extrapolate the importance that an educational model based upon Peirce's philosophy must place upon aesthetic and ethical considerations, as well as logical ones. Once fully understood, the philosophy of education embedded within Peirce's epistemology can revolutionize educational practices at all levels of learning.     

校本国际化背景下的大学英语课程与教学

依据校本及国外高等教育国际化的发展现状,揭示了国际化对高校国际竞争力的重要意义,探讨了大学英语课程与教学改革的思路和对策。从课程国际化和需求分析的视角,指出大学英语课程与教学所面临的机遇和挑战,进而探讨大学英语课程与教学的多样性和层次性改革,提出基础、提高与跨文化、学术英语课程体系与教学的应对措施。并强调在校本国际化环境下,应加强大学英语和学科全英与双语师资的培养。     

The Role of Private Universities and Colleges in the Spatial Restructuring of Higher Education in Poland

The development of private higher education institutions in Poland since 1989 has become a thorny political issue. The question is discussed in terms of the overall expansion of higher education in Poland, the Polish national development strategy, the spatial distribution of higher education institutions in Poland, and the role of higher education in the formation of the Polish national e´lite. The author argues strongly in favour of the equal treatment of private higher education.     

Restructuring Teacher Education in Australia

Debate on teacher quality and quality in teaching and teacher education has been as vigorous in Australia as it has been in the UK and the USA. In Australia, however, reform in teacher education has been subsumed within a national metapolicy of corporate federalism which is an amalgam of beliefs or discourses including neo‐corporatism, economic rationalism, corporate managerialism and human capital. The paper analyses the most recent document on reform of teacher education in Australia (the Ebbeck Report) and shows how its policy formulation is influenced by the discourse of corporate federalism. It also shows how micro‐economic reform in this sector is related to reforms in other sectors of education.