高校科技创新中若干问题制度层面的思考及建议

高校科技创新是国家创新体系中至关重要的环节.但在整个科技创新的过程中,还存在着诸多方面的问题,包括原始性创新能力薄弱,科技资源共享不够,科技创新合作欠缺,科技创新成果转化率低,科技创新中功利目的过强,等等.文章围绕高校科技创新中存在的这些若干问题,从制度层面进行分析,指出科技创新问题的根源在于制度创新的不及时化,并针对此提出了制度建设层面的一些建议.     

构建高职实践教学新体系的探索

从高职院校人才培养现状和目标入手,讨论了目前高职教育实践教学中存在的问题,提出了实践教学的新模式：“教学做合一”模式;产学结合、校企合作模式;科技创新模式,从而完成高职教育的培养目标．     

The Labour Party and Higher Education: 1945–51

Assessments of Labour's achievements in education in the immediate post‐war period have been largely critical, but almost exclusively focused on schools’ reform. This article in contrast considers Labour's policies for higher education, particularly universities. Three themes dominated the post‐war agenda: science and technology, expansion (and access), and appropriate models of higher education. The demands of science and technology and the conse‐quent need for expansion were the main drivers in Labour's programme. But the failure to offer a clear view of post‐war development in higher education, together with a deep‐seated ambivalence as to the role of technology and vocational education in universities, meant that plans for science, technology and expansion were only partially realised. The issue of appropriate models of higher education has bedevilled subsequent Labour governments, including the present administration, in their search for a policy for higher education.     

邓小平科教兴国理论的内涵与科教兴国战略的形成

科教兴国理论是邓小平理论的有机组成部分 ,包含着丰富的内容 :科学技术是第一生产力 ;四个现代化关键是科学技术现代化 ;实现人类的希望离不开科学 ;科学技术的基础是教育 ;教育是中华民族最根本的事业 ,各级领导都要重视教育。在邓小平科教兴国理论的指导下 ,我们党逐步确立了科教兴国战略 ,并使之成为中国社会经济发展的重大战略和基本国策。     

Classical Political Economy and the Role of Universities in the New Knowledge Economy

Higher education has become the new star ship in the policy fleet for governments around the world. The public policy focus on higher education, in part, reflects a growing consensus in macroeconomics of 'new growth' or 'endogenous growth' theory, based on the work of Solow, Lucas and Romer that argues that the driving force behind economic growth is technological change (i.e. improvements in knowledge about how we transform inputs into outputs in the production process). Knowledge about technology and levels of information flow are now considered critical for economic development and can account for differential growth patterns. In short, universities are seen to be a key driver towards the knowledge economy. Accordingly, higher education institutions have been encouraged to develop links with industry and business in a series of new venture partnerships. This emphasis in higher education policy also accords with initiatives to promote greater entrepreneurial skills and activity within so-called national systems of innovation. This paper focuses upon the economic importance of higher education as a key component of the knowledge economy. It discusses the genealogy and contributing strands to the newly emerging discourse and considers universities in the knowledge-driven economy by reference to the UK White Paper Our Competitive Future. It also considers the arguments advanced by Joseph Stiglitz (ex-Chief Economist of the World Bank) for the 'analytics of the knowledge economy' and discusses universities in terms of 'knowledge cultures'. Finally, the paper provides a critique of the policy discourse of the knowledge economy as a basis of the new challenges facing universities under knowledge capitalism.     

SCIENTIFIC SELF‐DEFENSE: TRANSFORMING DEWEY'S IDEA OF TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSPARENCY

In this essay, David Waddington provides a basic outline of John Dewey's often‐overlooked views on technology education and explores how these ideas could be updated productively for use in contemporary contexts. Some of the shortcomings of Dewey's ideas are also examined—his faith in the scientific method may have been excessive, and some critics have charged that his aspirations for a technology‐infused citizenship education were overly ambitious. However, Waddington contends in this analysis that by combining Dewey's ideas with the insights of contemporary thinkers such as Bruno Latour, it is possible to update the notion of technological transparency to create a fresh approach to science and technology education. This new approach, which Waddington calls “critical transparency,” aims to help citizens develop a healthy skepticism toward science and technology.     

试论江泽民教育与生产劳动相结合思想的时代特征

江泽民根据新的历史时期我国教育及社会经济发展出现的新情况 ,对教育与生产劳动相结合的方针作了精辟的论述 ,形成了具有鲜明时代特征的教育与生产劳动相结合思想 ,主要内容包括 :坚持教育与社会实践相结合 ,培养具有创新能力的高素质人才 ;坚持教育与生产劳动相结合 ,加速科学技术向现实生产力转化 ;坚持教育与科学研究相结合 ,提高知识创新和技术创新的能力 ;坚持教育为经济社会发展服务 ,是教育与生产劳动相结合的实质。     

Implementing State Standards for Science Education: What District Policy Makers Make of the Hoopla

Premised on the assumption that school districts play an important role in the implementation of state and federal policy, this article explores the districts' response to state science standards. Adopting a cognitive perspective on the implementation process, the authors examine the ideas about science education that district policy makers construct from science standards. Our analysis illuminates how the ideas about reforming science education that district policy makers come to understand from new science standards contribute to these standards being adapted at the district level in ways that miss or misrepresent their core intent. The article identifies prominent patterns in district policy makers' understandings of the science reforms. Based on this analysis, the authors argue that a cause of implementation failure, rarely examined in the literature, concerns the ways in which local implementers miss or misconstrue the intent of policy proposals. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach: 37: 401–425, 2000     

从区域经济需求看成人教育发展

继续教育作为我国教育的重要组成部分,有其特殊的地位与作用。发展成人继续教育是促进城乡科技和经济发展的需要,有利于科学技术尽快转换为生产力,通过传播生产管理领域中新知识新技能,提高劳动生产率,在促进区域科技和经济发展上有其特殊的作用。然而,我国现阶段成人继续教育工作存在师资队伍有待壮大,管理有待规范,经费投入有待加大等问题。因此围绕区域经济建设,做好成人继续教育工作应转变观念,准确定位,加强师资队伍建设,变革培养目标,实行依法办学,加大经费投入。     

论新时期中国科学技术政策问题

中国科学技术政策是我国科技体制的重要组成部分。改革开放以后。我国科技政策在转型时期存在诸多问题，如科技经费投入不足。科研与生产脱节等问题。针对这些问题。应相应采取增加科技投入。落实科教兴国战略以，及建设国家科技创新体系等对策措施，力争有效发挥科技政策对科技发展的指导作用。     

2019年创新教学报告(上)

《2019年创新教学报告》发布于2019年1月,是英国开放大学于2012年开始发布的该系列年度报告的第7篇。该系列报告探讨了世界教学和评价的新形式,以指导教师和政策制定者进行富有成效的创新。《2019年创新教学报告》提出了10种教学法,分别是趣味性学习、机器人辅助学习、去殖民化学习、基于无人机的学习、惊奇式学习、行动学习、虚拟工作室、基于地点的学习、思维可视化、同理心之根。这些教学方法已经开始流行,但尚未对教育产生深远影响。随着科技的发展,新技术和教学方法的结合越来越紧密,如何将技术浑然地融入教学,是值得认真思考的问题。     

2019年创新教学报告(下)

《2019年创新教学报告》发布于2019年1月,是英国开放大学于2012年开始发布的该系列年度报告的第7篇。该系列报告探讨了世界教学和评价的新形式,以指导教师和政策制定者进行富有成效的创新。《2019年创新教学报告》提出了10种教学法,分别是趣味性学习、机器人辅助学习、去殖民化学习、基于无人机的学习、惊奇式学习、行动学习、虚拟工作室、基于地点的学习、思维可视化、同理心之根。这些教学方法已经开始流行,但尚未对教育产生深远影响。随着科技的发展,新技术和教学方法的结合越来越紧密,如何将技术浑然地融入教学,是值得认真思考的问题。     

论产学研结合的创新模式

创新产学研结合模式是现代社会整体发展的客观要求，并已成为世界各国发展经济、增强综合国力的重要战略方针。作为科技、教育与经济一体化的特定表现形式，产学研结合在实践中形成多种模式，并随着实践的创新而不断创新。在理论上对各种创新模式作出概括，对于实施“科教兴国”战略具有重要现实意义。     

The Promissory Future(s) of Education: Rethinking scientific literacy in the era of biocapitalism

This article investigates the biopolitical dimensions that have grown out of the union between biocapitalism and current science education reform in the US. Drawing on science and technology study theorists, I utilize the analytics of promissory valuation and salvationary discourses to understand how scientific literacy in the neo‐Sputnik era has deeply involved educational life in biocapitalist circuits of exchange and production. I lay out this emerging terrain of ‘futuricity’ through a biopolitical analysis of the National Academies highly influential policy recommendation on science education, Rising Above the Gathering Storm as well as the Association of American Universities' National Defense Education and Innovation Initiative. Here it is argued that the educational subject usually seen as a site of human capital investment can better be understood as a ‘biovalue’ in at least two senses: the educational subject's body as a site of investment and as an extractable source of value directly related to the larger globally competitive regime of the rapidly growing bioeconomy. I conclude my analysis of the vital politics at play in the biocapitalist articulation of science education with an alternative model of scientific literacy that is based in what I call biodemocratic practices. I explore such a rereading of scientific literacy through the example of the GrowHaus—a sustainable urban farm situated in a marginalized community in a major US city. The GrowHaus offers a model of scientific literacy that rejects extractive ethics associated with biocapitalist production and instead promotes a sustainable and socially just practice of science.     

阿联酋构建区域高等教育枢纽的路径与挑战

阿联酋通过发布国家创新战略以及制定科学、技术和创新政策等方式为区域高等教育枢纽的建设创造了良好的政策与制度环境.吸引国际分校、打造高等教育发展新引擎、构建知识与创新枢纽以及加大对教育的财政投入等举措成为阿联酋建设区域高等教育枢纽的重要路径.与此同时,阿联酋在建设区域高等教育枢纽的过程中,面临着从知识消费国转变为知识生产国、市场与利益驱动导致供大于需的无序发展、缺乏统一的质量保障机制、高等教育机构研究能力和投入不足等诸多挑战.     

Affordances of ICT in science learning: implications for an integrated pedagogy

This paper presents an analysis of how affordances of ICT‐rich environments identified from a recent review of the research literature can support students in learning science in schools within a proposed framework for pedagogical practice in science education. Furthermore other pedagogical and curriculum innovations in science education (promoting cognitive change, formative assessment and lifelong learning) are examined to see how they may be supported and enhanced by affordances of ICT‐rich environments. The affordances that I have identified support learning through four main effects: promoting cognitive acceleration; enabling a wider range of experience so that students can relate science to their own and other real‐world experiences; increasing students' self‐management; and facilitating data collection and presentation. ICT‐rich environments already provide a range of affordances that have been shown to enable learning of science but integrating these affordances with other pedagogical innovations provides even greater potential for enhancement of students' learning.     

我国科学教育急需厘清的几个关系

我国科学教育发展历史虽然已历经百年，但至今仍存在不少问题。要在新时期解决科学教育中的诸多问题，必须厘清科学教育中的几个关系性问题：第一，科学与科学教育之间的关系，科学与科学教育分属两个范畴但又相互关联；第二，科学方法与科学教育方法之关系，科学方法是科学研究者做科学之方法，科学教育方法则是指导学生学习科学之方法；第三，科学知识与科学素养之关系，科学素养是科学教育追求之目标，科学知识是其不可或缺的重要内容；第四，科学教育与技术教育之间的关系，随着科学与技术之间相互作用的增强，科学与技术在教育中逐渐走向融合，但现时期科学教育与技术教育仍具有不同的内涵。     

Theorising the Machine: Gender,education and computing

The article provides a theoretical overview of the relationship between gender, education and computing. It explores the role of education in the continued reproduction of computing, and latterly information communications technology, as masculine domains. Gendered social relations are inscribed into the development of computing technology and the ideological separation of the 'expert' from end-users. The article offers a critique of the strong sociology of science and postmodernist analyses of technology for reducing technology to the social, and of technological determinism. It argues instead that we need to understand how computing is constituted historically and the ways computing can be understood as a concrete science. The article brings together perspectives on technology derived from a critical realist perspective with some aspects of the feminist standpoint paradigm. The author examines three key educational locales in the reproduction of gender ideologies of the machine. These are schools, universities, and the multiple sites of lifelong learning. The article concludes that the gendering of computing as a masculine discourse continues, and that the analysis of technology and the sociology of education needs to reconnect within a broader critique of society if women's continuing marginalisation in the dominant discourse is to be understood and challenged.     

Modernizing science education

This article is focused on changes taking place in the teaching of science as part of general education. Over the past century a host of changes in the nature and practice of science have served to make outmoded the science curricula now found in school textbooks. Past and present reform efforts have been limited to updating traditional subject matter, which is not adequate for life and living in today's world. A new framework is required for a general education in science, one that is student centered and up‐to‐date on the nature of science technology. As stated in the Science Bulletin ( 2000 ), “Science and technology have become the driving force for mankind's quest for a better society” (p. 1). The new science curriculum also should be focused on the utilization of science technology for public welfare and human benefit. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 3–9, 2002