Gender Scripts and the Internet: The Design and Use of Amsterdam's Digital City,by Els Rommes. Enschede,The Netherlands: Twente University Press, 2002. 304 pp. 24.00. ISBN 9-0365-1774-5

This article seeks to address how religion fits into the larger domain of Internet studies and why studies of religion within computer-mediated communication (CMC) need to be given more attention. An argument is made for the need to take religion online more seriously, not just because it is an interesting phenomenon or a popular use of the Internet, but also because religion continues to be an important part of contemporary life for many people. A summary of the growth and development of religion online is presented along with an overview of how religion has been approached and studied on the Internet. This review shows what CMC studies of religion might offer in approaching research questions related to authority, identity construction, and community online. It calls for recognition of the contribution, and possibilities that underrepresented areas within interdisciplinary research, like religion, might offer Internet studies as a whole.     

Making Space for Religion in Internet Studies

This article seeks to address how religion fits into the larger domain of Internet studies and why studies of religion within computer-mediated communication (CMC) need to be given more attention. An argument is made for the need to take religion online more seriously, not just because it is an interesting phenomenon or a popular use of the Internet, but also because religion continues to be an important part of contemporary life for many people. A summary of the growth and development of religion online is presented along with an overview of how religion has been approached and studied on the Internet. This review shows what CMC studies of religion might offer in approaching research questions related to authority, identity construction, and community online. It calls for recognition of the contribution, and possibilities that underrepresented areas within interdisciplinary research, like religion, might offer Internet studies as a whole.     

Policy mixes for sustainability transitions: New approaches and insights through bridging innovation and policy studies

There has been an increasing interest in science, technology and innovation policy studies in the topic of policy mixes. While earlier studies conceptualised policy mixes mainly in terms of combinations of instruments to support innovation, more recent literature extends the focus to how policy mixes can foster sustainability transitions. For this, broader policy mix conceptualisations have emerged which also include considerations of policy goals and policy strategies; policy mix characteristics such as consistency, coherence, credibility and comprehensiveness; as well as policy making and implementation processes. It is these broader conceptualisations of policy mixes which are the subject of the special issue introduced in this article. We aim at supporting the emergence of a new strand of interdisciplinary social science research on policy mixes which combines approaches, methods and insights from innovation and policy studies to further such broader policy mix research with a specific focus on fostering sustainability transitions. In this article we introduce this topic and present a bibliometric analysis of the literature on policy mixes in both fields as well as their emerging connections. We also introduce five major themes in the policy mix literature and summarise the contributions made by the articles in the special issue to these: methodological advances; policy making and implementation; actors and agency; evaluating policy mixes; and the co-evolution of policy mixes and socio-technical systems. We conclude by summarising key insights for policy making.     

Sustainability transitions: An emerging field of research and its prospects

Sustainability oriented innovation and technology studies have received increasing attention over the past 10-15 years. In particular, a new field dealing with “sustainability transitions” has gained ground and reached an output of 60-100 academic papers per year. In this article, we aim to identify the intellectual contours of this emerging field by conducting a review of basic conceptual frameworks, together with bibliographical analysis of 540 journal articles in the field. It is against this background that we position the six papers assembled in a special section in Research Policy. These papers pave the way for new conceptual developments and serve as stepping-stones in the maturation of sustainability transition studies, by linking with the scholarly literatures of management studies, sociology, policy studies, economic geography, and modeling.     

学术成果商业化过程中的性别差异及其影响因素

随着科技与经济结合日益紧密,大学和科研机构越来越重视学术成果的商业化,学术成果商业化过程中出现的性别分层现象也引起了相关学者的高度关注。本文系统梳理了国内外学者关于学术成果商业化过程中的性别分层现象描述及对其所做出的理论解释和实证研究。进而尝试对现有学术成果商业化性别分层现象的理论解释框架进行扩展,从个体因素、社会结构性影响、组织机构因素和其他因素四个方面梳理性别分层的解释因素。最后,总结了现有研究中存在的局限性并对未来的研究重点与趋势进行展望。     

Assessing transitions through socio-technical configuration analysis – a methodological framework and a case study in the water sector

Classic accounts of transitions research have predominantly built on reconstructions of historical transition processes and in-depth case studies to identify and conceptualize socio-technical change. While such approaches have substantively improved our understanding of transitions, they often suffer from methodological nationalism and a lack of generalizability beyond spatial and sectoral boundaries. To address this gap, we propose a novel methodology – socio-technical configuration analysis (STCA) – to map and measure socio-technical alignment processes across time and space. STCA provides a configurational and dynamic perspective on how social and technical elements get aligned into “configurations that work”, allowing for the identification of differentiated transition trajectories at and across spatial and sectoral contexts. The methodology's value is illustrated with the empirical case of an ongoing shift from centralized to more modular infrastructure configurations in the global water sector. Building on this illustration, we outline potential contributions of STCA to configurational theorizing in transition studies, sketching the contours of what we believe could become a generative epistemological approach for this field.     

近十年我国计量与评价研究的发展与趋势

[目的/意义]近年来,量化评价与同行评议相结合的综合评价方法越来越得到认可和重视,"五计学"也为综合评价方法提供理论基础和方法指导。文章通过梳理计量与评价领域的研究进展既可以清晰领域内研究者的情况,还能明确计量与评价领域的研究热点以及计量学方法随着评价活动的细化而衍生的发展脉络。[方法/过程]运用可视化分析法、社会网络分析法和内容分析法从作者、机构、期刊、关键词等角度入手对国内近十年(2010—2020年)计量与评价领域的研究现状、发展趋势进行了梳理和综述。[结果/结论]研究结果发现其发展特点是:领域内作者稳定而长寿,科研合作以师生合作为主,期刊仍处于持续发展阶段,计量与评价领域研究互相渗透与促进,研究热点为网络计量、Altmetrics、文献计量、科学评价、学术影响力和同行评议,并且呈现出以下趋势:(1)研究领域多元化和研究对象细分化;(2)认识全面化和指标精确化;(3)评价体系融合化和方法多样化的发展趋势。     

合作目标促进科研团队创造力的机理研究

基于激发型信息处理的视角,探讨了合作目标互依性、知识共享和团队反思与科研团队创造力之间的关系,构建了相应的概念模型。运用结构方程模型和225个有效科研团队样本对所提出的假设进行检验。实证研究结果表明,合作目标互依性对科研团队创造力有积极影响;知识共享与团队反思在合作目标互依性与科研团队创造力之间具有完全中介效应,而知识共享对团队反思有正向促进作用。研究结果打开了合作目标影响科研团队创造力的信息处理黑箱,扩展了激发型信息处理视角在团队创造力研究领域中的应用。     

Internet Research and the Sociology of Cyber-Social-Scientific Knowledge

Perspectives from the sociology of scientific knowledge are deployed to explore the birth of Internet research, focusing in particular on the development of methodological approaches. For a researcher based in the sociology of scientific knowledge, being an Internet researcher has been a vivid opportunity to experience at firsthand a phenomenon usually studied from the outside. The article begins by assessing some models of the process of scientific change. Characterizing Internet research as new has been a potent resource for enrolling researchers into the field and positioning research responses. The development of virtual methods for doing social research illustrates the process of methodological innovation in social science and the negotiation of methodological adequacy. Methodological discussions have been enlivened by the advent of the Internet as an object of study. Internet research has arguably been a valuable reflexive opportunity for the traditional disciplines that have fed its development.     

This is what I’m doing and why: Methodological reflections on a naturalistic think-aloud study of interactive information behaviour

Many user-centred studies of electronic information resources include a think-aloud element – where users are asked to verbalise their thoughts, interface actions and sometimes their feelings whilst using these resources to help them complete one or more information tasks. These studies are usually conducted with the purpose of identifying usability issues related to the resource(s) used or understanding aspects of users’ information behaviour. However, few of these studies present detailed accounts of how their think-aloud data was collected and analysed or provide detailed reflection on methodological decisions made. In this article, we discuss and reflect on the methodology used when planning and conducting a think-aloud study of lawyers’ interactive information behaviour. Our discussion is framed by Blandford et al.’s PRET A Rapporter (‘ready to report’) framework – a framework that can be used to plan, conduct and describe user-centred studies of electronic information resource use from an information work perspective.     

The evolution of science policy and innovation studies

This article examines the origins and evolution of the field of science policy and innovation studies (SPIS). Like other studies in this Special Issue, it seeks to systematically identify the key intellectual developments in the field over the last 50 years by analysing the publications that have been highly cited by other researchers. The analysis reveals how the emerging field of SPIS drew upon a growing range of disciplines in the late 1950s and 1960s, and how the relationship with these disciplines evolved over time. Around the mid-1980s, substantial parts of SPIS started to coalesce into a more coherent field centred on the adoption of an evolutionary (or neo-Schumpeterian) economics framework, an interactive model of the innovation process, and (a little later) the concept of ‘systems of innovation’ and the resource-based view of the firm. The article concludes with a discussion of whether SPIS is perhaps in the early stages of becoming a discipline.     

Delineating policy mixes: Contrasting top-down and bottom-up approaches to the case of energy-storage policy in California

In the light of pressing societal challenges such as climate change and resource scarcity, scholars are increasingly interested in studying policy mixes in the context of sustainability transitions. However, despite numerous conceptual advances and empirical insights, researchers still lack universal criteria or accepted heuristics for delineating policy mixes in these complex policy spaces. We address this gap by conducting an extensive review of the literature, synthesizing best practices, and developing an analytical framework that provides researchers with two archetypical methodological approaches. The top-down approach builds on the idea that the elements of a policy mix originate from an overarching strategic intent. By contrast, the bottom-up approach starts from the definition of a focal impact domain that is affected by a range of policy instruments. For each approach, we outline a systematic analytical procedure, then implement it to scrutinize how policy affects the emerging technological domain of energy storage in California. We find that each approach has particular advantages that render it useful for certain policy mix analyses. Discussing how researchers may choose between the two approaches or leverage their complementarities, we seek to provide the basis for a consistent research program building on the policy mix framework.     

科技伦理研究的方法论创新

现代科技的快速发展在为人类社会带来福祉的同时,也带来了巨大的伦理风险与挑战。如何开展系统性的科技伦理研究,推动科技伦理治理体系的构建已成为当前面临的重要问题。科技伦理研究也成为贯通自然科学、技术工程科学、人文社会科学领域的交叉、综合、复杂的智库问题。文章对国内外科技伦理研究现状进行综述和分析,运用智库双螺旋法这一智库理论方法对科技伦理研究框架、过程、逻辑进行论证,并以生命科学和医学伦理研究为案例进行分析,为科技伦理研究提供具有汇聚融合交叉特点的方法论创新。     

专利视角下“卡脖子”技术短板甄选研究

为响应“十四五”规划及2035年远景目标关于坚持创新驱动发展、科技自立自强的号召,本文针对影响我国科技发展的“卡脖子”技术短板的甄选问题开展研究。基于专利视角,构建了分析框架对“卡脖子”技术短板进行甄选。本文规划了由宏观到微观的分析路径,设定了宏观分析的技术短板差距度评测模型,构建了微观分析的技术—功效—机构的三维分析模型,并以光刻机领域为例展开实证研究。结果证实,本文提出的针对“卡脖子”技术的分析框架具有一定科学性、实用性,可为国家相关部门、高校、科研单位以及企业提供方法借鉴。     

Exploring the emerging knowledge base of ‘the knowledge society’

Science, technology and innovation have grown in importance over the last 50 years as we have moved towards a more knowledge-intensive society (the ‘knowledge society’). A number of new research fields have emerged in an effort to understand these developments and to offer advice to decision-makers in government, industry and elsewhere. This special issue focuses on studies of three relatively distinct though thematically related research fields (innovation studies, entrepreneurship studies, and science and technology studies). The first three articles use a particular methodology based on analysis of the references cited in the chapters to authoritative ‘handbooks’ to identify the core contributions in the three fields. A fourth article examines the relationship between the core literatures in three fields and how this has evolved over time. Other articles look at the evolution of innovation studies as reflected in highly cited papers, at the development of entrepreneurship as seen by a key ‘insider’, and at the creation of new centres in these fields and the difficulties they face. The last article in this special issue shows how interdisciplinary centres in innovation studies suffer from research assessment systems that are intrinsically biased against interdisciplinary research. This introduction presents a synthesis of the articles in this special issue, discusses similarities and differences between the three fields and their development over time, and considers challenges for policy and governance arising from the research presented here.     

The Internet in Everyday Life,edited by Barry Wellman and Caroline Haythornthwaite,with foreword by Howard Rheingold and preface by Manuel Castells. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2002. xxxviii + 586 pp. $29.95 paper. ISBN 0-631-23508-6

To understand the ultimate status of Internet studies, it is necessary to observe from both a holistic and a particularistic perspective. This article examines one small area of research, the Internet in China, to use that case study as a lens with which to discern the development of Internet studies. By comparing this micro view of the parameters, agendas, and research foci of Chinese Internet research to the larger body of Internet research, it draws insights into the present and future of Internet studies more generally.     

Considering author sequence in all-author co-citation analysis

Author co-citation analysis (ACA) is a commonly used method to map knowledge domains and depict scientific intellectual structures. Although all authors’ information has been considered in previous studies, ACA does not distinguish credits of different collaborators within a team. Authors’ sequence in a publication illustrates their contributions and specialty of research, which offers more information as inputs of ACA. This paper considers author sequence in ACA and proposes a sequence-based ACA method. By assigning various weight values to authors with different sequences, this proposed method considers distinct contributions of co-authors influencing the effect of ACA. Extra weight is given to corresponding authors, beyond their sequence, to acknowledge their additional contributions. Results of the empirical study based on the data from the field of Library and Information Science show many details on the visualization maps of the proposed methods, such as the number of sub-fields, the position of sub-fields, the position of authors, and clarity and interpretability of visualization maps. Meanwhile, the current paper proposes a novel framework of evaluating knowledge domain maps with both quantitative and qualitative facets.     

Information Technology (IT) enabled crowdsourcing: A conceptual framework

IT-enabled crowdsourcing is defined as technology-enabled outsourcing of tasks through an open call to the masses via the internet. Crowdsourcing is an IT artifact that has gone beyond the traditional boundaries of an organization to a much broader context. Over the past decade, research and practice on crowdsourcing have continued to grow, evolve, and revolutionize the way work gets done. Although numerous studies have been conducted in this area, our understanding of the main components involved in crowdsourcing processes remains limited. The goal of the current study is to conduct a structured literature review and synthesize the available crowdsourcing literature and applications in one coherent conceptual framework. The framework identifies the main elements involved in the crowdsourcing process and its characteristics. This framework extends the field of Information Systems (IS) and would help us better understand this phenomenon. Furthermore, the results of this study could potentially fill the knowledge gap in the crowdsourcing literature by identifying the main characteristics of a crowdsourcing process as a legitimate, IT-enabled form of problem-solving. Our results would also help organizations to leverage crowdsourcing more efficiently.     

融合研究范式的特征及测度研究

融合(convergence,或译为“会聚”)研究是一种基于多学科交叉来解决重大经济社会问题的科研范式,近年来成为主要国家高度关注的发展趋势。本文首先从本体论、认识论和方法论上揭示融合研究的基本特征,进而基于熵理论研究提出测度融合研究的指标——融合熵,并以脑科学研究为例开展该指标的实证研究。结果表明：融合研究的本体(研究问题或对象)主要来源于自然或者社会中的重大挑战,而非单纯从现有知识体系推演而来;在认识论上,融合研究不仅要求个人层面的知识建构,也强调组织层面和国家层面对知识的主动性、系统性和协调性管理和应用;在方法论上,根据研究问题的不同,融合研究可吸收不同学科,通过学科之间的“化学”作用形成新的研究框架和研究语言,并最终发展形成融合领域;以脑科学为例开展的融合熵测度与专家定性研判结果具有高契合度,表明应用“融合熵”这一指标来测度融合研究具有科学性和可行性。     

International research collaboration: An emerging domain of innovation studies?

International research collaboration (IRC) has been increasingly important as an emerging area of innovation studies. This study reviews the intellectual base, main research trajectories and intellectual communities of the IRC research domain over the period 1957–2015. It integrates qualitative review and three quantitative analyses including co-citation network analysis, main path analysis and bibliographic coupling analysis. The results show that the IRC research has gone through three phases, namely, “emergence” (1957–1991), “fermentation” (1992–2005) and “take-off” (2006–2015) phases. The co-citation network analysis confirms that the IRC research field has been developed under the influence of two pioneering studies related to bibliometrics research. The main research trajectories in IRC studies over the three development phases and over the whole period are identified based on the main path analysis, which shows that co-authorship analysis is the main research method in IRC studies. A bibliographic coupling analysis suggests that the whole IRC research domain can be classified into five distinct intellectual areas: drivers of IRC, IRC patterns, IRC effects, IRC networks and IRC measurement. Seven topics for future research are also identified.