引导--课堂教学的催化剂

机械基础是职业高中机械类学生必修的专业基础课.它的内容丰富,知识容量大,每堂课之间又有着极为密切的联系.往往一个知识点教学刚完成,在讲另一个知识点时就要遇到,没有前面的知识就无法讲授.     

高等农业职业教育实验课教学方案探讨

一、高等农业职业教育实验课的教学目标 高等农业职业教育(以下均简称高职教育)培养的是农业生产、管理、服务第一线的应用型和操作型职业人才,技术应用性是其基本特征.高职教育能否成为高等教育中一个有别于普通高等教育的重要层次,关键在于其人才培养模式是否具有特色,其培养出来的人能否成为适应社会需要的高素质实用技术人才和管理人才.在高职教育中,理论与实践是并重的,理论主要是为培养综合和专项的职业技能服务的,实践课程应有相对独立的体系.     

The effect of instruction on early nonword reading strategies

This paper reports the results of a study examining the role of early reading instruction on the nonword reading strategies employed by beginning readers. Three groups of children given different styles of reading instruction were asked to read a list of nonwords presented (a) in isolation and (b) using the clue word technique (Goswami, 1986, 1988). The three groups of children were following either (i) the Early Reading Research project (small units instruction), (ii) the National Literacy Project (instruction emphasising onset‐rime and rhyme awareness), or (iii) usual classroom practice (combined large and small units instruction). Children given small units instruction (Early Reading Research) were found to make significant use of grapheme‐phoneme correspondences (GPCs) and were more accurate than the other two groups of children at reading the nonword items. The National Literacy Project children demonstrated a preference for a rime‐based strategy, once familiarity with the analogous words was controlled, and made significantly more use of this strategy than the Early Reading Research children. The results suggest that early reading instruction does have a significant impact on early reading strategies and should be taken into account in future studies of this type.     

The effect of instruction on socio-cultural beliefs hindering the learning of science

Although recent studies have shown that the sociocultural characteristics which children in non-western society bring into the classroom from their environment create a wedge between what they are taught and what they learn, very little has been done to solve the problem. A learner who is not positively disposed to, or has a socio-cultural background that is indifferent to, learning science would find it hard to learn science effectively. This study investigated whether instruction through the use of the socio-cultural mode has any significant effect on students' attitude towards the learning of science. The sample consisted of 600 senior secondary year-one students (442 boys, 158 girls) from 15 secondary schools in Nigeria. The Socio-Cultural Environment Scale (SCES) and the Biology Achievement Test (BAT) were used to measure the change in attitude and achievement of subjects in a pretest-posttest situation after a six-week treatment. Evidence was found to support the hypothesis that science instruction which deliberately involves the discussion of socio-cultural views about science concepts engenders positive attitudes towards the study of science. The findings also indicate that anthropomorphic and mechanistic views can be presented in such a way as to promote positive attitudes towards the study of science in traditional cultures.     

The effect of phonics instruction on the reading comprehension of beginning readers

This study investigated whether two groups of6-year-old beginning readers taught to read by aphonics and by a ``book experience' non-phonicsapproach would differ in reading comprehension as wellas the processes of word recognition. The two groupswere matched for word recognition but despite this, thephonics taught children had higher readingcomprehension. Phonics taught children produced morecontextually appropriate errors, and in both singleword and text reading made more spoken attempts atreading unknown words. The non-phonics taught childrenhad much faster reading reaction times to familiarwords but they scored less in phoneme segmentation andnonword reading tasks. Compared with the nonphonicsgroup, the phonics group spent more time in attemptsat identifying unknown words and this included usingcontextual information, which apparently resulted inmore rehearsal of the meaning of the story text andhence better reading comprehension performance.     

在营销学教学中应用建构主义的课例实验

一、问题的提出 近年来,源自关于儿童认知发展理论的建构主义学习理论,逐渐引起人们的广泛关注,并成为各级各类学校革新传统教学所借鉴的理论.建构主义理论的内涵很丰富,概括起来有3点:①以学生为中心,强调学生对知识的主动探索、主动发现和对所学知识意义的主动建构;②教师成为课堂教学的组织者、指导者,学生建构意义的帮助者、促进者;③学习环境包含4大属性,即创立真实的情境,通过协商和会话,实现自主意义建构.     

论建构主义理论对课堂教学的启示

建构主义理论作为国际科学教育改革的一种新的主流思想,已成为教育界的热门话题,它在认识论、学生观、教学观等方面都有自己独到的见解,对我国全面实施素质教育具有积极意义.本文就建构主义学习观关于培养学生的主体意识、问题意识、创新意识等方面进行了较为深入的探讨.     

The effect of multimedia instruction for Chinese learning

In Taiwan, lectures are commonly used for younger students to learn their own language, which is traditional Chinese. Passively listening to lectures has led to this group of students making such mistakes as forgetting strokes and word meanings, combining phrases to create incomprehensible blurs of information, and switching radicals with phonetic characters. Thus, the rationale of this study is that better and longer lasting Chinese learning results will occur when a combination of well‐designed texts, audio, graphics, animation, and hands‐on practice are employed. A multimedia system with computer‐based courseware in combination with added, assistive technologies including sound equipment, digital boards, and pens was developed based on this rationale. This study used a treatment group who used the system and a comparison group who received lectures. The subjects were 41 second graders in a southern city in Taiwan and all of them received the same pretest, immediate posttest, and the delayed posttest. Even though some of the differences between the two groups did not reach statistical significance, the results revealed that the treatment group consistently performed better than the comparison group in almost all the areas of competencies in both posttests.     

高职院校专业教学质量评价的应用性研究

专业教学质量评价是高职教育评价的主要内容.从评价的基本理念、能力目标、评价依据、质量标准、评价方法几方面进行应用性研究.通过实践探索构建高等职业教育专业教学质量评价体系,旨在提高教学质量、学生的职业能力和就业竞争力.     

大学英语多媒体教学的问题与对策

进行大学英语多媒体教学是提高教学质量的有效途径之一。然而,多媒体使用的增加并不一定带来质量上的提高。本文讨论了使用多媒体教学的一些问题,并提出了解决问题的思路和方法。     

An evaluation of the costs of computer-assisted instruction

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the costs and cost feasibility of utilizing computer-assisted instruction (CAI) for compensatory education. Cost data were collected from an experiment on the effectiveness of CAI that had been established in Los Angeles and sponsored by the National Institute of Education. Based upon the resource ingredients approach to measuring costs, it was found that up to three daily 10-minute sessions of drill and practice could be provided for each disadvantaged child within the 1977–1978 allocation of funds from Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965. If the computer system were shared between two schools, the higher costs would permit only two daily sessions.Costs were also estimated for a more advanced CAI system, and somewhat surprisingly the costs were in the same range. This finding reflects the very heavy costs of “software” that do not seem to decline with more advanced technologies. Also, it is possible that the latter technology will be found to be more effective at the same cost level. However, because comparative effectiveness data between the CAI approach and other instructional strategies are not readily available, such cost-effectiveness comparisons will have to be deferred until some future date.     

The effect of labels and instruction on concept attainment in the educable mentally retarded

The present experiment examined concept attainment in 80 educable mentally retarded and 80 normal boys of high and low mental age. The concept of an equilateral triangle was assessed following random exposure to one of four experimental conditions assessing the influence of verbal labels and instruction on the labels. A 2 × 2 × 4 multivariate analysis of variance revealed a significant effect of mental age; however, retarded and normal subjects did not differ in mean performance on any of the five dependent measures. The hypothesized treatment effect was significant at the formal level of concept attainment. The findings were discussed in terms of theoretical and educational implications.     

基于游客感知的世界文化遗产布达拉宫解说员讲解评价分析

在旅游业日趋成熟的今天,世界文化遗产地受到越来越多游客的喜爱,然而,世界文化遗产旅游解说系统的不完善又给很多游客造成了困扰,其中,解说员的讲解是一个非常重要的方面。鉴于此,本文以世界文化遗产布达拉宫作为研究对象,分析游客对解说员讲解的现状并为其改进提供参考依据。     

The sequence of conceptual information in instruction and its effect on retention

Two experiments were carried out to study the effect of the sequencing of the information in an instructional program. In both experiments, two different ordering principles were used. These principles were based on the relation between the to be learned concepts. The ordering of the information could be successive or simultaneous. The relationship between concepts is categorized either successive or coordinate. It was hypothesized that a simultaneous presentation would show better learning results than a successive presentation if between the to-be-learned concepts exists a co-ordinate relationship. A successive presentation would lead to better results in case of a successive relationship. Results suggest that the definition of both types of relationships needs refinement. Further the results show that for coordinate related concepts a simultaneous presentation is preferable.This study was supported by a grant from the Institute for Educational Research in the Netherlands (SVO), Grant No. 6620. I wish to thank S. Dijkstra for his stimulating ideas, and M. C. Reisinger for his assistance during this project. I also wish to thank the students, the biology teacher and the management of the Willem van Oranje Mavo (Hengelo, the Netherlands) and Streekcentrum voor Tuinbouwonderwijs (Enschede, The Netherlands) for their friendly co-operation. The author is now with Boertien and Partners Educational Technology, Gooimeer 5, 1411 DD Naarden, The Netherlands.     

高师公共教育学课程的课堂教学实践与反思——从一名教师进行公共教育学课程教学改革的角度

在一系列因素的驱动下,高师公共教育学课程的教学改革由理想变为现实。本文回顾了公共教育学课程教学改革的具体做法：先是对课程教学目标进行分层,然后在＂行动与体验＂教学理念的指导下,阐述了公共教育学课堂教学改革的活动内容、活动形式、活动细则,接着指出了公共教育学课堂教学改革的活动效果,最后分析了有关教育学课程教学改革的几点启示与教训。