通识教育中的少数民族传统文化教育

高等教育中的通识教育理念及其模式已成为近几年研究的热点问题。少数民族传统文化是中华民族传统文化的重要组成部分,在通识教育中融入少数民族传统文化,既是社会需求对通识教育培养目标所提出的要求,也是民族传统文化传承必不可少的途径之一。探索通识教育中的多元传统文化教育,不仅是高校教育教学改革必须思考的问题,更是维护社会稳定、和谐发展的必要前提。

Abstract：

In higher education,the concept and model of general education has become the concern in recent researches.Traditional culture of ethnic minorities is an important part of the Chinese traditional culture.To integrate traditional culture of ethnic minorities in general education is both the social requirement for the training goal of general education and also one of the indispensable ways to inherit ethnic traditional culture.Exploring education of multi-cultures in general education is not only an issue to be considered in education and teaching reform of higher learning institutions,but also a perquisite for safeguarding social stability and harmonious development.     

新中国60年民族教育观的变迁与创新

新中国成立60年来,党和国家对民族教育的认识日益深化。在民族教育价值论方面,党和政府不仅重视民族教育对于实现民族平等、增进民族团结和维护国家统一的意义,而且强调了其对于民族地区经济社会发展的价值,将其视为促进民族地区政治、经济、文化、社会和谐发展的基础性工程;在民族教育方法论方面,强调民族教育的改革与发展要实事求是,从民族和民族地区实际出发,因民族、因地区制宜;在民族教育发展战略思路方面,强调要加大对民族教育的投入与扶持力度、实施＂低重心＂的发展战略、大力发展民族师范教育培育合格民族师资、加强对民族教育的组织领导。新中国建立以来民族教育观念的创新与更新,为新中国民族教育的发展提供了认识基础。

Abstract：

In sixty years after the founding of New China,the Party and the state have deepened understanding of ethnic education.In value theory of ethnic education,our party and the state not only attach importance to significance of ethnic education in realizing ethnic equality,enhancing national unity and protecting national integrity,but also lay stress on its value in economic and social development of ethnic regions and regard it as the basic project of promoting harmonious development in politics,economy,culture and society of ethnic regions.In methodology of ethnic education,stress is laid in carrying out reform and development according to reality of ethnic groups and ethnic regions.In development strategy of ethnic education,the emphasis is put on increasing input and support for ethnic education,implementing development strategy of＂low barycentre＂,developing ethnic normal education to cultivate qualified ethnic teachers,and strengthening leadership for ethnic education.Since the founding of New China,innovation and change in ethnic education concept have provided basic understanding for the development of ethnic education in China.     

苗族文字进学校教育体系的百年发展史简述

文字是一个民族走向文明的重要标志,而对文字的使用并纳入学校教育体系则是一个民族在其发展历程中步入社会进步的阶梯。本文以苗族文字从创制到进入学校教育体系的历史脉络为背景,说明民族文字在当今少数民族地区教育发展中的重要性。

Abstract：

Written language is an important symbol of civilization of an ethnic group.Application of written language and integrating it into school education is a step into social progress in the development of an ethnic group.This paper discusses the history of the Miao written language from its creation to its integration into school education system in order to illustrate the importance of ethnic written language in the current edu-cational development of ethnic regions.     

西南民族智力资源可持续发展的教育文化战略

智力资源与民族生存的自然人文生态环境密切相关。西南地区多元文化共存的局面,造成了民族智力资源的差异性和特定的适应性。智力资源是民族创新力和适应性生存的基础,教育文化应把民族智力资源的可持续发展作为根本战略。为了实现这一目标,需要在民族教育文化理论建构、民族传统文化传承与发展、多元文化教师教育、民族文化进入课程等方面进行更为深入的研究。

Abstract：

Intelligence resource is closely related with natural,humanistic and biological environments for the survival of different ethnic groups.The coexistence of diverse cultures in the Southwest region results in different ethnic intelligence resources and their adaptability.Intelligence resources form the basis of innovation and adaptability for survival,so,the sustainable development of intelligence resources of ethnic groups should be taken as the basic strategy for education and culture.To realize this goal,further studies should be made in aspects of theory construction of education and culture for ethnic groups,inheritance and development of ethnic traditional cultures,education for teachers of multi-cultures and integration of ethnic cultures into courses.     

我国民族高等教育应加强民族团结教育的探讨

民族团结是我国繁荣发展的重要保证。加强和创新民族团结教育,是新时期民族高等教育的重要使命,也是构建和谐校园和和谐社会的必然要求。

Abstract：

National unity is an important safeguard for prosperous development of China.To enhance and make innovation in education of national unity is not only an important mission of ethnic higher education in the new era but also a prerequisite to building a harmonious society and harmonious campus.     

高校招生体制对少数民族高级人才选拔培养的限制

伴随着以经济建设为中心的改革开放,我国的教育体制也在不断改革。30多年来,我国教育体制的每一次重大改革,都是由高校的招生体制改革牵动的。在现行的教育体制下,我国少数民族高级人才的选拔培养受到了限制,出现了总量增加、重要地区或重要岗位少数民族代表人物缺乏的现象。我们要全面重视少数民族地区的教育事业发展,恢复在民族地区,特别是在边疆地区农牧民中招收部分优秀青年接受高等教育的制度,切实培养一批政治上可靠、专业技能强、并能坚守在民族地区或民族工作岗位上的少数民族高级人才。

Abstract：

With the reform and opening up centering on economic construction,the reform of educational system has been carried out in China.In the past 30 years,every important change in educational system was caused by a reform of university admission system.Under the current educational system,the selection and cultivation of advanced talents of ethnic minorities has been restricted.Despite an increase in number,in some important regions or important posts,there is a shortage of talents of ethnic minorities.We should attach importance to educational development in ethnic minority regions,restore the system of accepting excellent youth in ethnic regions especially from farmers and herdsmen in border areas for higher education,and cultivate a large number of ethnic minority advanced talents who are politically qualified,professionally competent and willing to work in ethnic regions and on posts of ethnic work.     

构建民族地区双语和谐社会的思考

为了构建民族地区双语和谐社会,语言规划、语言教育政策的制定应本着兼顾少数民族的眼前需要和长远利益的原则,既要考虑语言的工具性及其社会文化功能特点,也不能忽略语言的情感因素和认同功能,鼓励并保障母语与通用语并行使用,支持少数民族地区不同教学模式的学校并存;协调少数民族传统文化与现代经济社会发展的关系,兼顾少数民族精神和物质两方面的需求;有效协调民族认同和国家认同的关系。

Abstract：

In order to build a harmonious society of bilingualism in ethnic regions,language planning and policy for language education should be made in accordance with both immediate need and long term interest of ethnic minorities.In other words,we should take into consideration of the tool function and social and cultural functions of language on one hand;and on the other hand,we should not neglect emotional factor and identity function of language.Efforts should be made to encourage and guarantee the application of both mother tongue and national common language,support coexistence of schools using different teaching models in ethnic regions,integrate traditional culture of ethnic minorities into economic development of modern society,balance spiritual and material needs of ethnic minorities and effectively coordinate relations between ethnic identity and national identity.     

关于少数民族地区师资均衡配置的理论构想

实现少数民族地区师资队伍的均衡配置是民族教育均衡发展的客观要求和根本保障。从当前民族地区师资队伍结构的现状分析来看,无论在数量上,还是在质量上都存在着较为严重的失衡状态。本文尝试从少数民族地区师资均衡配置的政策建构、建立民族地区教师特殊津贴制度、建立适应少数民族地区需求的教师培训机制等方面,提出有助于民族地区师资均衡配置的理论构想。

Abstract：

A balanced allocation of teachers in ethnic minority regions is the demand of and guarantee for balanced development of ethnic education.An analysis of the current teaching body structure in ethnic regions shows that there is a serious imbalance in terms of both quantity and quality of teachers.This paper attempts to put forward theoretical ideas to help realize balanced allocation of teachers in ethnic regions from aspects of making policies,setting up a special subsidy system for teachers in ethnic regions and building a teachers＇ training system to meet the needs of ethnic regions.     

黔南民族地区民族中学校本教研现状的检视与思考

校本教研是提高民族贫困地区民族中学教师专业素养的重要途径,是解决民族贫困地区民族中学教育研究领域长期存在的理论与实践相脱离问题的一种有效尝试。研究表明：目前民族地区民族中学校本教研现状令人担忧,存在着诸如教研动机不强、研究主体缺位、研究意识淡薄、功利性明显、形式主义泛滥等问题。这就要求我们要强化＂教研强校＂的观念,积极开展调查研究,调动教师教研内需,促使校本教研主体回归,强化教研过程管理,切实保障校本教研落到实处。

Abstract：

School-based teaching research is an important approach to improving professional quality of ethnic middle school teachers in ethnic poverty-stricken areas.It is also an effective way to solve the problem of disintegration between theory and practice in studies on ethnic middle school education in those areas.This study shows that the current situation of school-based teaching research in ethnic middle school of ethnic regions is not satisfactory.There exist many problems such as lacking motive,main body and consciousness but having strong utilitarianism and overflowing formalism in teaching research.Therefore,we should intensify the idea of＂running school through teaching research＂,vigorously carry out action research,boost teachers’ internal need for teaching research,promote the return of subject of teaching research,enhance management of teaching research process,and safeguard the implementation of school-based teaching research.     

＂I don＇t see color,I only see children!＂： A study of teachers＇ color-blindness for Asian students/family

The purpose of this study is to explore USA educators＇ resistance toward cultural awareness for Korean students and families in the New York metropolitan area. The authors aim to challenge teachers＇ color-blindness that is widely spread among USA educators. Guided by critical race theory, the authors show that the perceived fairness of color-blindness could cause struggles for Korean parents and students in American schools. The authors posit USA teachers need to thoroughly understand that if a teacher does not see color, then s/he does not really see children. This study, hopefully, will help educators recognize the necessity of understanding diverse ethnic parents＇ perspectives and needs. Also, this study will provide an opportunity for educators to rethink assumptions that are embedded in color-blindness, and advance muiticultural education that is more culturally relevant and responsive for different ethnic/racial groups＇ needs.     

我国高考招生中少数民族考生优惠政策的新思考

在高考招生中对少数民族考生实行的优惠政策是基于历史和现实的社会条件,为尊重民族差异、体现民族平等和教育公平原则而实施的,对于提高我国少数民族教育水平起到了很好的促进作用。但在政策实施过程中也出现了一些问题。反思问题症结之所在,本文提出的对策为：应采取国家统筹与个人自愿相结合的原则招收少数民族考生;应采取入口不限、出口把关、诊断学习、经费包干的策略;应在综合性大学设置民族院系等。

Abstract：

Preferential policy for ethnic minority students in college entrance examination has been implemented on the basis of historical and present social conditions for the purpose of respecting national differences and realizing national equity and fair education.It plays an important role in promoting the level of ethnic education in China.However,there are some problems in the process of implementing the policy.After reflections on the problems,this paper puts forward some countermeasures： in enrolling ethnic minority students,we should take into consideration of both the overall planning of the State and students＇ personal choice,adopt the strategies of open-door enrollment,strict graduation,learning diagnosis and taking responsibility for one＇s own surpluses or deficits,and establish schools or departments of ethnic minority studies in comprehensive universities.     

Learning in the workplace for garage mechanics and technicians

Employees in technical firms, like garages, need more and more formations. Due to the very fast innovation in technology, lifelong learning is a real need for these labour forces. On the other hand, there are the needed formations very specialized and expensive. Another problem employers faced in these economical sectors in Western Europe is the lack of candidates. Also in secondary education schools, the wide interest for these formations is decreasing. One of the factors causes this problem is that schools don＇t have enough money for investing in new and high-tech machines. Therefore two interreg projects were submitted and approved for financing. Interreg is an initiative of the European Union meant for the permanent development of the ＂European Space＂. The third phase of interreg means enhancing the economic and social cohesion within the European Union. In this paper, we describe two successful projects, namely Autoweb and V@K, which try to help employers, employees, schools and students to keep up with the high-tech innovations with a workplace-based e-learning program.     

我国民族教育经济研究的回顾与反思

随着经济社会的发展和西部大开发的深化,教育经济研究视野逐步向民族地区拓展并呈现出研究地位渐升、范围渐宽、成果渐多的趋势。民族教育经济研究成果为民族地区教育事业改革和发展作出了重大理论贡献。但其研究还存在前瞻性研究不足、忽视民族地区特殊性和民族性、专门研究人才缺乏和方法缺失等问题。构建完整的研究体系,设立依托中心培养专门研究人才,关注民族教育、文化和经济的联动共生将是民族教育经济研究努力的方向。

Abstract：

With the development of economic society and the further development of the West,studies on educational economy have gradually developed in ethnic regions with higher level,wider range and more achievements,which have made a great theoretical contribution to the reform and development of education in ethnic regions.However,some problems still exist in the research such as lacking foresight,neglecting special and ethnic characteristics of ethnic regions,and lacking research specialists and methods.Efforts should be made in building a research system,setting up centers to train professional talents,and attaching importance to interaction among ethnic education,culture and economy.     

少数民族职业教育的问题构成及对策分析

本文对中国少数民族职业教育的现状、问题进行了分析。其中发现,这些问题的构成与国家整体教育相比既表现了共性的一面又显示出其个性的一面,既有外延的又有内涵的问题。概括地说,表现在共性方面：外延如社会转型所带来的教育适应问题,内涵如教育整体结构失衡问题;表现在个性方面：外延如民族产业结构转型对人力与技术提出了新的要求,内涵如民族职业教育专业落后、形式单一,等等。针对这些问题,本文进行了一定的分析和探讨。

Abstract：

This paper analyzes and discusses the present situation and problems of vocational education for ethnic minorities in China.It shows that the formation of the problems display similarities as well as differences both externally and internally compared with education of the whole country.Generally speaking,the similarities include external ones like educational adaptation to social transition and internal ones like imbalance of integral structure of education.As for differences,the external one is the new requirement for manpower and technology as a result of ethnic industry transition and the internal ones are backward specialty and monotonous form of ethnic vocational education.     

教师促进少数民族学生学业成绩的一项个案研究

通过在云南孟波镇中学的田野调查发现,教师的多元文化意识在提高少数民族学生学业成绩中具有重要作用。因此,我国的教师教育应加强对教师多元文化意识的培养,以满足文化多样性背景下对教师的要求。

Abstract：

A field investigation at Yunnan Mengbo Township Middle School showed that teacher’s multi-cultural sense plays an important role in improving academic achievements of ethnic minority students.Therefore,in teacher education,sense of multi-cultures should be cultivated to meet the need of teachers under the background of multi-cultures.     

关于西南三个区域文化传承类型与教育法制保障的思考

通过对土家族、黔东南苗、侗族、安顺屯堡人三个地区文化传承的差异研究,认为家庭教育和社会教育是民族文化传承的重要途径。提出在高校入学考试中用加试民族文化课的加分来代替降分、通过经济杠杆使民族学校从形式到内容名实相符、利用上位法强化民族习惯法,进而传承民族文化。

Abstract：

A study was made on differences in cultural inheritance of the Tujia people,the Miao and Dong people in Southeast Guizhou Province and Tunbao people in Anshun.It is believed that family education and social education are important means to inherit ethnic culture.Suggestions are put forward that in university entrance examination,test on ethnic culture should be given and the score of it be added instead of lowering scores for ethnic students;economic lever be used to make ethnic schools live up to the name;and higher-level law be applied to strengthen ethnic customs so as to inherit ethnic culture.     

关于高等院校汉语言文学专业开设少数民族文学课的建议——以内蒙古民族大学教学实践为例

少数民族文学是中国文学不可缺少的一部分,建议汉语言文学专业开设少数民族文学课程。通过内蒙古民族大学蒙汉语言文学（双语）专业开设＂少数民族文学比较研究＂特色课程的探索与实践过程,探讨开设该课程的理论意义和现实意义,分析课程实施的具体教学情况、教学成效,并提出如何开设少数民族文学课程的几点思考。

Abstract：

Since ethnic minority literature is an indispensible part of Chinese literature,it is suggested that courses of ethnic minority literature be offered in Chinese language and literature specialty.This paper introduces the course of ＂Comparative Study of Ethnic Minority Literature＂offered to students majoring in Mongolian and Han Languages and Literature（bilingual） in Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities,discusses theoretical and realistic significance of the course,analyzes its teaching practice and effect,and puts forward some suggestions on how to set up courses of ethnic minority literature.     

An Excursion into the Time Tunnel of Curriculum Development in Macau： A Story of Discourses and Practices

The first wave of educational reforms in Macau took place in late 80s and early 90s. In 1991, the first Education Law was approved in Legislative Council. It signified a path leading to more ＂disciplined＂ education system. It was then by legislative means through standardization, regulations, implementation of the universal free education, establishment of the ＂public school net＂, construction of a ＂localized＂ curriculum framework, and the definition of various kinds of teacher education enabled the government to participate in overall educational matters. Among all, curriculum development is a significant component in the arena of educational reform. The localized curriculum was first implementation in 1995 in all government schools with Chinese as a medium of instruction, and was not compulsory in private schools. Macau is now starting a second wave of educational reform, with special attention to the re-construction of the present curriculum. Thus, it is the objective of this study to examine and disclose the discourses and practices of the curriculum development in the territory in order to re-vision the future development. The time travelling tunnel gives two scientists the ability to travel in time and space in the television series in the UK in 1960＇s. In this paper, ＇excursion into the time tunnel＇ is used metaphorically, to describe the research process for it is to be adventure and an exploration. Furthermore, the metaphor ＇time tunnel＇ also bridges the present to the past and the future. This is how the author attempts to reveal the story of discourses and practices of the curriculum development in Macau through the ＇time tunnel＇ interweaving with the past, the present and the future. This study stems from a particular stance of educational policy analysis. The study is informed by aspects of critical and post-structuralist perspective, with particular reference to Michel Foucault. In this paper, official document, namely Gazette （known as Boletin Oficial in Portuguese） is the focal point of interest.     

Critical Review on Bilingualism of Chinese Origin Children in Britain

Chinese people constitute a significant minority in Britain, but less attention paid to Chinese origin children. With document collection, the situation of Chinese origin children’s education and the effect of bilingualism will be clarified. Bilingualism increase ethnic identity,and cultural adjustment, ethnic identity and language development are correlative for bilinguals.     

从文化认同与涵化视角看民族团结教育研究的深化——基于文化互动心理研究的初步分析

基于文化认同的涵化是探讨民族团结教育深化的重要视角;涵化心理的理论和实证调查说明,稳健的民族互动与团结基于和谐的涵化,即兼顾族群认同和国家认同,对两种文化持整合策略。因此,民族团结教育研究中要重视涵化心理学成果,促进双文化认同与整合。

Abstract：

Cultural identification is a significant perspective fo the promotion of the education for ehinic Unity.The theoretical analysis and survey result show that healthy ethnic interaction and utnity are based upon harmonious acculturation which based upon both ethnic and national identification,and the integration of bi-cultures.The relevant education must make use of the fruits of psychological acculturation so as to Promote the education for ethinic unity.