Influence of annealing conditions on the properties of Cu(In,Ga)Se<Subscript>2</Subscript> thin films fabricated by electrodeposition

Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ (CIGS) precursor films were deposited on Mo/glass by electrodeposition, and then annealed in Se vapor. The annealing temperature ranged from 450 °C to 580 °C, and two heating rates were selected. The results showed that the crystalline quality of the CIGS films and formation of the Cu-Se compound could be strongly influenced by the selenization temperature and heating rate. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that when the selenization temperature was increased from 450 °C to 550 °C, the amount of binary CuSe phase decreased and the amount of Cu2Se increased. After annealing at 580 °C, a minimum amount of Cu_2?xSe compounds was obtained and the degree of CIGS film crystallinity was higher than in other samples. The relationship between the properties of the film and the heating rate was studied. XRD and Raman spectra showed a decrease in the Cu_2?xSe phase with increasing heating rate. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and XRD showed a remarkable increase in the grain size of CIGS during rapid heating.     

热处理温度对超高强度钢组织性能的影响

为了改善超高强度钢的塑韧性,实验分析了奥氏体化温度分别为840℃、880℃、920℃与等温温度分别为275℃、325℃、375℃对中碳超高强度钢组织性能的影响．结果表明,随着奥氏体化加热温度的升高,贝氏体/马氏体复相组织趋向粗大,钢的强度上升,而塑韧性下降;随着等温温度的升高,钢的抗拉强度呈平缓下降趋势,而钢的塑韧性在275～325℃等温温度范围内呈上升趋势,在325～375℃等温温度范围内呈下降趋势．在试验等温处理温度范围内,奥氏体化温度880℃×30min保温＋等温温度325℃×2min保温油冷,可获得强韧性配合良好的贝氏体/马氏体复相组织,钢的残余奥氏体的含碳量≥76．％,钢的抗拉强度Rm≥2065M Pa ,断面收缩率ψ≥255．％．     

Fe-40Ni-Ti合金连续加热过程中晶粒长大规律研究

借助一种新型的Fe-40Ni-Ti合金,观察了在连续加热过程中的晶粒长大过程,结果表明：合金组织由多边形奥氏体组成,在整个加热温度范围内没有发生相变,只是晶粒尺寸逐渐长大.在1 160℃以下时晶粒长大平稳,达到1 200℃时晶粒异常长大,晶粒长大过程与其TiN颗粒回溶密切相关.同时,利用回归方法得到了反映连续加热过程中晶粒长大趋势的数学模型.     

450MPa级冷轧磁极钢退火温度实验研究

研究了不同温度罩式退火工艺处理试验用钢的力学性能、磁性能和组织成分,结果表明:在化学成分、保温时间不变的情况下,随着退火温度的升高,晶粒增大,屈服强度降低,延伸率提高。WDEL450磁极钢实验罩式退火最佳温度为690°C,时间为30min。     

氧化和脱碳对用氧化法检验钢的奥氏体晶粒度的影响

选用45，40Cr,40CrNiMo和38CrMoAlA钢等碳钢和合金钢，进行了氧化法检验钢的奥氏体晶粒的试验。试验结果表明，钢表层的氧化和脱碳将使氧化法检验钢的奥氏体晶粒度变得很复杂，尤其是抗高温氧化能力强和脱碳倾向大的合金钢，氧化和脱碳将对奥氏体晶粒度的显示的评级带来极大的困难。     

Effect of temperature on batch elastase production by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus</Emphasis> sp. EL31410

The production of elastase by Bacillus sp. EL31410 at various temperatures was investigated. In order to study the effect of temperature on elastase fermentation, different cultivation temperatures, ranging from 39 °C to 28 °C, were evaluated in shake flask. The result indicated that 37 °C was best for cell growth at earlier stage; while maximum elastase activity was obtained when the cells were cultivated at 30 °C. This result was verified by batch fermentation in 5-L bioreactor under 37 °C and 30 °C temperature, respectively. The specific cell growth rate at 37 °C was higher than that at 30 °C during earlier stage of cultivation. The maximum value [5.5 U/(h·g DCW)] of elastase formation rate occurred at 24 h at 30 °C compared to 4.6 U/(h·g DCW) at 30 h at 37 °C. Based on these results, two-stage temperature shift strategy and oscillatory temperature cultivation mode were evaluated in the next study. When compared to single temperature of 37 °C or 30 °C, both two-stage temperature shift strategy and oscillatory temperature strategy improved biomass but did not yield the same result as expected for elastase production. The maximum biomass (both 8.6 g/L) was achieved at 30 h at 37 °C, but at 42 h using two-stage temperature cultivation strategy. The highest elastase production (652 U/ml) was observed at 30 °C in batch process. It was concluded that cultivation at constant temperature of 30 °C was appropriate for elastase production by Bacillus sp. EL31410. Project (No. 20276064) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

快速加热工艺对高磁感取向硅钢织构和磁性能的影响

对高磁感取向硅钢冷轧片进行脱碳退火前的快速加热处理,然后研究快速加热处理对产品磁性能的影响。结果表明,B800性能有了显著提高,同时铁损也有明显改善。研究表明,脱碳退火前的快速加热对初次再结晶平均晶粒尺寸影响不大,但对初次再结晶织构有影响。快速加热处理后,样品中{110}晶粒尺寸减小,数量增多,有利于提高二次再结晶整体取向的准确性,有效提高磁感。在抑制剂状态良好时,快速加热处理在保证取向准确的同时可有效地减小二次再结晶晶粒,得到磁感高、铁损低的优良综合性能。     

Change in the body temperature of healthy term infant over the first 72 hours of life

Objective: To determine the range of body temperature in a group of healthy Chinese term neonates over the first 72 hours of life and to assess the influence of body weight, gestational age and route of delivery. Method: All 200 consecutive cases of neonates delivered at our hospital from March to August 2001 were included in this retrospective study. Temperatures were measured immediately after delivery, after 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 8 hours and 15 hours and on the 2nd and 3rd day. Axillary temperatures ranging from 36.5 oC to 37 oC were regarded as normal. No cases of maternal fever or systemic infection of the newborns were discovered. All infants were discharged in good general condition. Results: The mean rectal temperature at birth was 37.19 ℃. The lowest average temperature was reached at 1 hour after delivery (36.54 ℃) with a significant difference between natural delivery (36.48 ℃) and section (36.59 ℃) (P<0.05). Temperature subsequently rose to 36.70 ℃ at 8 hours and 36.78 ℃ at 15 hours (P<0.05). Hypothermia was seen in 51.8% and hypothermia in 42.5% of the patients. On the 3rd day after delivery, 96% of all temperatures were in the normal range. A significant relation was found between hypothermia and both low birth weight (P<0.001) and low gestational age (P<0.05). Conclusion: The reference range presently used did not include all physiological temperatures in the first 72 hours of life. Considering other factors, such as birth weight, route of delivery, gestational age and body temperature on the 2nd and 3rd day of life, may help to correctly assess the significance of temperatures beyond the reference range.     

Cycle performance studies on a new HFC-161/125/143a mixture as an alternative refrigerant to R404A

In this paper, a new ternary non-azeotropic mixture of HFC-161/125/143a (0.15/0.45/0.40 in mass fraction), as a promising mixed refrigerant to R404A, is presented. The ozone depletion potential (ODP) of the new refrigerant is zero and its basic thermodynamic properties are similar to those of R404A, but its global warming potential (GWP) is much smaller than those of R507A and R404A. Meanwhile, theoretical calculations show that, under the working condition I (the average evaporation temperature: −23 °C, the average condensing temperature: 43 °C, the superheat temperature: 28 °C, the subcooling temperature: 5 °C), the volumetric refrigerating effect and specific refrigerating effect of the new mixture are 2.33% and 15.48% higher, respectively, than those of R404A. The coefficient of performance (COP) of the new mixture is 5.19% higher than that of R404A and the pressure ratio of the new mixture is 0.82% lower than that of R404A. Equally, under the working condition II (the average evaporation temperature: −40 °C, the average condensing temperature: 35 °C, the superheating temperature: 30 °C, the subcooling temperature: 5 °C), the volumetric refrigerating effect and specific refrigerating effect of the new mixture are 2.24% and 20.58% higher, respectively, than those of R404A. The COP of the new mixture is 4.60% higher than that of R404A and the pressure ratio of the new mixture is similar to that of R404A. The performances of the new mixture and R404A are compared in a vapor compressor refrigeration apparatus originally designed for R404A under several working conditions (condensing temperatures: 35–45 °C, evaporation temperatures: −40–−20 °C). Experimental results show that the new mixture can obtain a higher COP, by 6.3% to 12.1%, and a lower pressure ratio, by 1.8% to 6.6%, compared to R404A; although the discharge temperature of the new mixture is slightly higher than that of R404A. The advantages of the new mixture will be further verified in the actual system.     

Effects of temperature and diet on length-weight relationship and condition factor of the juvenile Malabar blood snapper (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lutjanus malabaricus</Emphasis> Bloch &amp; Schneider, 1801)

In this study we aimed to analyze the effects of water temperature and diet on the length-weight relationship and condition of juvenile Malabar blood snapper Lutjanus malabaricus over a 30-d experimental period. The experiment was conducted in the laboratory using a flow-through-sea-water system. The fish were subjected to four different temperatures (22, 26, 30, and 34 °C) and two diets (commercial pellet and natural shrimp). Fish were fed twice daily. L. malabaricus exhibited negative allometric growth (b<3) at the beginning of the experiment (Day 0) at all temperatures and both diets except for 22 °C fed with shrimp, which showed isometric growth (b=3). Conversely, at the end of the experiment (Day 30) fish showed isometric growth (b=3) at 30 °C fed with the pellet diet, indicating that the shape of the fish did not change with increasing weight and length, and a positive allometric growth (b>3) at 30 °C fed with shrimp diet, which indicated that fish weight increases faster than their length. The rest of the temperatures represented negative allometric growth (b<3) on both diet, meaning that fish became lighter with increasing size. The condition factors in the initial and final measurements were greater than 1, indicating the state of health of the fish, except for those fed on a pellet diet at 34 °C. However, the best condition was obtained at 30 °C on both diets. Nevertheless, diets did not have a significant effect on growth and condition of juvenile L. malabaricus. The data obtained from this study suggested culturing L. malabaricus at 30 °C and feeding on the pellet or shrimp diet, which will optimize the overall production and condition of this commercially important fish species.     

La0.9MnO3钙钛矿纳米颗粒的尺寸效应和磁热效应

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备不同粒径的La缺位La0.9MnO3钙钛矿氧化物.用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、振动样品磁强计对材料的晶体结构、微结构、磁性和磁热效应进行了研究.结果表明,不同温度下退火(700oC~1100oC)的样品均具有菱形钙钛矿结构.退火温度从700oC增加到1100oC,样品的平均晶粒大小从25 nm增加到1000 nm.随着晶粒大小的增加,材料在低温的饱和磁化强度逐渐增强,铁磁到顺磁的相变变得陡峭,从而使材料的磁熵变逐渐增加.当材料的晶粒尺寸大于500 nm时,材料的磁熵变趋于稳定(-2.7 J/kg·K).     

Effects of finishing rolling temperatures and reduction on the mechanical properties of hot rolled multiphase steel

Effects of finishing rolling temperatures and reduction on the mechanical properties of hot rolled multiphase steel were investigated. Thermo-mechanical control processing (TMCP) was conducted by using a laboratory hot rolling mill, in which three different kinds of finishing rolling temperatures and reduction and various austempering times were applied. The results showed that polygonal ferrite, granular bainite and larger amount of stabilized retained austenite can be obtained by controlled rolling processes, and that the strain-induced transformation to martensite from the retained austenite can occur gradually when the steel is deformed during tensile test. Mechanical properties increase with decreasing finishing rolling temperature and increasing amount of deformation. The most TRIP (transformation induced plasticity) effect, and ultimate tensile strength (UTS), total elongation (TEL) and the product of ultimate tensile strength and total elongation (UTS×TEL) are obtained at 20 min.     

Experimental performance of moderate and high temperature heat pump charged with refrigerant mixture BY-3

Theoretical and experimental analysis of a new refrigerant mixture BY-3 was conducted based on a single-stage vapor compression refrigeration system. The water-water heat pump system used BY-3 to produce hot water when the low temperature was 20 ℃. The following results were obtained: the highest temperature at the condenser outlet reached about 85 ℃; when the difference between the water temperatures at the condenser outlet and the evaporator inlet was less than 40 ℃, the coefficient of performance (COP) was larger than 4; when the difference reached 55 ℃, the COP still kept 3; the discharge temperature of BY-3 was lower than 100 ℃, and the refrigerant vapor pressure kept lower than 1.8 MPa. When the water temperature at the condenser outlet reached over 85 ℃, nearly a 5 ℃ superheating temperature was maintained.     

Effect of direct quenching on microstructure and mechanical properties of medium-carbon Nb-bearing steel

The influence of direct quenching （DQ） on microstructure and mechanical properties of 0.19C-1.7Si-1.0 Mn-0.05Nb steel was studied. The microstructure and mechanical properties of reheat quenched and tempered （RQ＆T） steel plate were compared with those of direct quenched and tempered （DQ＆T） steel plates which were hot rolled at different finish rolling tem-peratures （1173 K and 1123 K）, i.e., recrystallization-controlled-rolled direct-quenched （RCR＆DQ） and controlled-rolled direct-quenched （CR＆DQ）, respectively. The strengths generally increased in the following order： RQ＆T〈RCR＆DQ＆T〈 CR＆DQ＆T. Strength differences between the CR＆DQ＆T and RQ＆T conditions as high as 14% were observed at the tempered temperature of 573 K. The optical microscopy of the CR＆DQ＆T steel showed deformed grains elongated along the rolling direction, while complete equiaxed grains were visible in RQ＆T and RCR＆DQ＆T steels. Transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and electron backscattering diffraction （EBSD） of the DQ steels showed smaller block width and higher density of dislocations. Inheritance of austenite deformation substructure by the martensite and differences in martensite block width were ruled out as major causes for the strength differences between DQ and RQ steels.     

Experimental study on bonding properties between steel strand and concrete at cryogenic temperatures

To study the bonding properties between steel strand and concrete at room and cryogenic temperatures, a series of center pullout experiments were conducted on 96 bonding anchorage specimens at the lowest temperature of-165 ℃. The impacts on the bonding property of such parameters as the temperature, concrete strength, the relative concrete cover thickness, and the relative anchorage length were analyzed. The test results indicate that the changes in temperature have a clear effect on the bonding property between steel strand and concrete. As the temperature decreases, the bond stress, which corresponds to a 1 mm slip of steel strand in relation to concrete, and the ultimate bond strength initially increase and subsequently decrease at the inflection point of-80 ℃. The impact of the concrete strength on the bonding property, as shown by the tensile strength and the moisture content interaction, indicates that the bond stress vs concrete strength curve initially increases and later decreases with a decrease in temperature; the bond stress vs concrete cover thickness curve linearly increases, but the bond stress vs anchorage length curve linearly decreases at first and finally levels off.     

Experimental investigation on system with combination of ground-source heat pump and solar collector

This paper presents the heating performance and energy distribution of a system with the combination of ground-source heat pump and solar collector or a solar-assisted ground-source heat pump system (SAGSHPS) by calculation and experiment.The results show that the average absolute error is less than 0.6 ℃ and the relative error is less than 5% under the pulse load when the analytical solution to the 2-D solid cylindrical source model is used for the SAGSHPS.The coefficient of performance (COP) of the SAGSHPS is 2.95-4.70.The average fluid temperature in the borehole heat exchanger can increase by 3 ℃ with the assistance of solar collector,which will improve the COP of the heat pump by approximately 10% from the experimental data.The energy contributions to the total heating load of soil,electricity and solar are 56.30%,36.87% and 6.83%,respectively.     

一种测试不同温度下非饱和土土-水特征曲线的试验装置

研究目的：研制一种试验装置,以实现对非饱和土土-水特征曲线温度效应的有效测试。创新要点：1．研制了一种温控非饱和土三轴试验装置,包括加载系统、吸力控制系统和温度控制系统;2．利用研制的温控非饱和土三轴试验装置,对不同温度（25,40和60℃）以及不同应力（40100和200kPa）条件下的非饱和土土-水特征曲线进行了试验测定。研究方法：1．总结分析已有的温控三轴仪所采用的加热方式的优缺点,提出环向加热压力室内水体的方法;2．基于GDS非饱和土三轴仪,研制可实现温度控制功能的温控非饱和土三轴仪（图1、2）;3．开展不同温度及不同应力条件下非饱和土土水特征曲线的试验研究。重要结论：1．所研制的温控非饱和土三轴仪的实用效果得到验证;2．温度的升高将引起非饱和土持水性能的降低。     

Characteristics of fluoride emission from five clay minerals as affected by temperature, heating time and addition of calcium compounds

Characteristics of fluoride emission from five clay minerals (montmorillonite, kaolinite, vermiculite, geothite, and allophane) as affected by temperature, heating time and addition of calcium compounds were studied. Marked increase of the fluoride emission rate was noticed with increase of temperature. The fluoride release, began at 500°C–600°C, and the main bulk of the fluoride emission occurred at the temperature of about 800°C. The loss of crystalline water was primarily responsible for the increase of fluoride emission. When minerals were heated at 800°C, The fluoride emission rate from the clay minerals reached the highest after heating for 1 hour. The samples treated by CaO, CaCO₃, Ca(OH)₂, Ca₃(PO₄)₂, and CaSO₄ had 55.45%, 59.58%, 46.45%, 54.31%, 31.25% reduction in the fluoride emission from montmorillonite at the temperature of 800°C, respectively. CaCO₃ had the highest fluoride fixing capacity compared to other calcium compounds. Project supported by the Special Funds for Major State Basic Research Project 973 (G1999011809) and Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province.     

Combustion characteristics of tannery sludge and volatilization of heavy metals in combustion

Incineration is considered one of the most readily available techniques for sewage sludge disposal, including tannery sludge, which often contains significant amounts of volatile heavy metals. The combustion characteristics and kinetic analysis of tannery sludge were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis （TGA） at a heating rate of 30 ℃/min in 50-950 ℃. In addition to confirming that tannery sludge has a high content of volatile material and ash, it was further discovered that almost all the zinc （Zn） in tannery sludge is volatilized at 900 ℃. The degree of volatilization for heavy metals at 900 ℃ followed the order of Zn〉Cd〉Cu〉Mn〉Pb〉Cr. Moreover, the volatilization of these heavy metals increased with temperature. It is thus concluded that, to avoid heavy metal volatization during incineration disposal, 800 ℃ is a reasonable incineration temperature.     

Three-Dimensional Hexagram Gold Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Growth Mechanism

This study explained a procedure to synthesize 3 D hexagram gold nanoparticles using a specific morphologically controlled gold precursor reduction. Acetaldehyde acted as the reducing agent along with polyvinyl pyrrolidone as the stabilizing agent with a limited reaction temperature range observed to be near to 25 °C. The resulting special gold nanoparticles were physically characterized and observed to possess an average planar size of 420 nm, an average central thickness of 200 nm, and an average edge thickness of 18 nm. Furthermore, a mechanism model was proposed to describe the oriented growth of gold nanoparticles employing published accounts of the mechanisms involved in the growth of gold hexagonal nanoplates. Moreover, the two major factors that controlled the morphology of synthesized gold nanoparticles were elaborated to provide reference for future fabrication methods of metal nanoparticles in both academia and industry.