对惩罚性赔偿制度的思考

惩罚性赔偿制度作为一般民事赔偿制度的例外,在英关法系得到普遍的承认,我国的《消费者权益保护法》第49条对此制度也有所涉及。通过分析我国《消费者权益保护法》对于惩罚性赔偿制度的相关规定,对其进一步的完善进行了分析和思考。     

惩罚性损害赔偿制度辩析

我国民法学界一直强调补偿性赔偿制度,《消费者权益保护法》第49条对惩罚性赔偿的规定,引起学者越来越多的注意。实践证明,惩罚性赔偿制度符合市场经济的要求,有力的保护了消费者的合法权益。同时惩罚性赔偿制度的功能、适用范围、以及赔偿数额的确定等问题也成为学界讨论的热点,如何规范惩罚性赔偿制度的适用对保护公民财产具有重要意义。     

完善我国《消费者权益保护法》中的惩罚性赔偿制度

以我国《消费者权益保护法》第49条确立的惩罚性赔偿责任为中心，通过分析惩罚性赔偿的概念、法理基础、功能及我国惩罚性赔偿中存在的问题，应该从以下几方面完善我国惩罚性赔偿制度：1．进一步明确《消法》中关于消费者定义的解释。2．扩大《消法》第49条“欺诈行为”的适用范围，平衡经营者和消费者的举证责任。3．合理计算惩罚性赔偿数额。     

论我国《消费者权益保护法》中的惩罚性赔偿

立法部门在《消费者权益保护法》中首次设置惩罚性赔偿责任,但在司法实践中还存在诸多争议性问题。通过分析了产品局部欺诈应当作整体惩罚性赔偿以及“消费者”的范畴应当包括商品使用者这两大争议性问题,提出了完善我国惩罚性赔偿制度的相关建议。     

对惩罚性赔偿制度的比较法观察

自从《中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法》出台后，惩罚性赔偿制度就在学界引起了诸多争论。文章试图从我国古代法制史和一些有代表性的外国法律(包括民法法系和普通法法系)的横向纵向比较，对惩罚性赔偿法律制度的轮廓进行较为清晰的分析和描述。     

论食品生产经营者的惩罚性赔偿责任

惩罚性赔偿制度以其具有的惩戒功能而为世界各国和地区在侵权责任法领域和合同法领域得以广泛应用。我国的惩罚性赔偿制度肇始于《消费者权益保护法》,强化于《食品安全法》,发展于《侵权责任法》。就食品生产经营者的惩罚性赔偿责任而言,由于我国惩罚性赔偿制度在立法上存在的缺陷,使其执行效果与立法目的存在巨大差距。为了更好地保护消费者的合法权益,有效制裁食品生产经营者的违法行为,起到对同类违法行为的遏制作用,必须从立法角度完善惩罚性赔偿责任的归责原则,对食品生产经营者承担惩罚性赔偿责任的归责原则采用无过错（严格）责任;修改惩罚性赔偿的计算标准,变＂价款＂为＂实际损失＂;将精神损害纳入赔偿范围,推动食品生产经营者守法经营,为社会提供安全食品,保障公民的生命和健康安全。     

论惩罚性赔偿

民事责任以补偿性为原则。随着社会经济的发展,产生了惩罚性赔偿制度。在现有合同制度和侵权制度的理论框架下,为实现适度惩罚、阻吓加害人且对经济发展不致造成负面影响这一目的,对适应用惩罚性赔偿的范围、条件及赔偿范围的确定应作限制性规定。我国在《消费者权益保护法》中首次规定了惩罚性赔偿制度。本文拟对该制度作一番探讨并对我国的立法实践作学理解释,以期实现对司法实践的正确指导。     

不合格图书制品的惩罚性赔偿问题研究

图书制品作为一种特殊的产品,一旦质量不合格,对消费者造成的损失常常是难以估量的。我国现行的相关法律,无论是《消费者权益保护法》还是《产品质量法》,都无法有效地从根本上维护消费者的合法权益,惩罚不法图书制品经营者。然而,英美法系的惩罚性赔偿制度却为我们规范图书市场打开了一扇门,值得借鉴。     

经济法实质正义的解读——浅谈对《消费者权益保护法》第49条的理解

《中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法》第49条突破了民事赔偿制度的传统理论,首次确定民事惩罚性赔偿制度。该制度针对处于弱势地位的消费者进行倾斜性保护,解决了源自市场本身的"信息偏在"问题而导致的利益冲突,从法理的角度而言,第49条体现了经济法的实质公平和正义的价值取向。     

论惩罚性赔偿在商品房交易中的适用

1993年我国颁布的《消费权益保护法》第49条启用了惩罚性赔偿制度来惩罚经营的欺诈行为。保护消费的合法权益。随着我国房地产业的繁荣发展。商品房的买卖过程中的欺诈行为大量出现。商品房作为一种商品虽然具有特殊性，但也应适用惩罚性赔偿制度，从而有效地制裁和遏制商品房买卖中的欺诈，为商品房的交易确立诚实守信的正常秩序。为房地产的发展提供一个良好的法律环境。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

库克斯顿城堡

城堡, 是欧洲典型的建筑之一, 每个城堡都有一个美丽的传说或是一段历史。从本期开始, 我们将推出“城堡之旅”, 带各位读者去浏览、观赏欧洲各地的城堡, 开始一段文化与历史的旅途!     

胡主席在印度,我却在中国

Today, Sunday morning, I sit thinking and typing at my computer. My thoughts are in my homeland, India and my body is in China. The body is here and mind there for a good reason. Mr. Hu is president and I am resident and both are in each other's countries (what a difference the absence of one small letter makes!). Mr. Hu will return in a few days and I will stay on longer.