隐喻认知与词义演变

传统的语义学在分析词义的演变和发展时,更多地将词义的变化归于历史的、社会的外部因素,未能把握词义演变的本质.认知理论认为词义演变的内因来自于语言使用者的认知思维,只有认知因素才能说明词叉演变的内在机制和可能性.本文探讨分析了认知隐喻学对于词义演变现象的解释及其对语言教学的启发意义.     

英汉词义发展同场同模式的认知原型阐释

同场同模式的词义演变趋势是体现在不同语言词义演变中的共性规则.而认知原型则是词义引申过程中思维联想的认知参照点,是联想扩展的基础和依据.在词义引申过程中,存在着“概念原型”、“事件原型”和“事物原型”三种不同的认知参照点.英汉两种语言在不同认知原型指导下的词义发展趋势也有着同场同模式的演变关系.     

位移动诃"造"与"诣"的历时演变

"造"与"诣"都可做位移动词,其词义特征与句法表现类似,在历时的语义变化中也呈现出相同的轨迹;到明清时期,表位移意义的"造"与"诣"在口语中消失.本文通过语料调查描写了它们的词义演变,并从认知语言学的角度对其演变轨迹作出了解释.     

略论网络流行语“盘他”

从"盘他"的词源入手,根据语言学和词汇学相关知识,对"盘他"的演变过程、方式进行了分析。从词义演变的范围上来看,"盘他"体现出词义的扩大和词义的转移;从语体风格上来看,体现了词义从书面语到口语的转化。"盘他"的演变受到了社会外部事物的影响;从语言自身的发展规律而言,则体现了语言的经济性原则和语言的模因理论;词义的演变还遵守言语交际性原则,说话者为了达到自身目的而将词义进一步多义化;从认知心理学角度来看,词义的演变体现了人们隐喻性的认知心理基础。     

英汉“脸、面”的多义网络对比研究及认知理据

人类的认知与语言的发展离不开人的感知和体验。基于美汉语料的研究分析发现,英汉语中“脸、面”词义演变的多义网络结构呈现出以下特征：英汉“脸、面”词义的延伸都是围绕其中心意义（即典型）,通过隐喻和转喻的认知方式进行的;在两者的词义延伸过程中,转喻不仅是和隐喻同样重要的认知机制,而且是更基本的认知方式;民族文化的异质性使得我们对事物的认知不同,导致英汉语中“脸、面”的词义范畴出现文化个性;语言自身的特点也对“脸、面”词义的概念化产生了较大影响。     

浅析ECM视角下的英语词义转移现象

英语词义演变方式的主要分为词义扩大,词义缩小,词义降格,词义升格和词义转移五类。关于英语词义演变方式,王寅运用事件域认知模型（ECM)进行了简要解读。事件域认知模型(ECM)是王寅提出的一种认知模型,它弥补了Langack?er, Talmy, Lakoff等人提出的认知模型的不足,具有较强解释力。该文以hand和head为例运用该理论对词义转移现象进行了认知解释。     

“粥粥”的词义演变及其引申方法

隐喻不仅是语言表达思想经济有效的手段,还是思维和认知工具。文章在对隐喻概念充分理解的基础上,以"粥粥"一词的本义作为研究词义引申的切入点,从隐喻认知思维模式的角度分析各词义的演变过程和引申方法,深入地探讨"粥粥"词义的演变历程,从共时和历时两个角度分析隐喻在词义延伸中所起的辐射作用,并运用隐喻思维模式认识词的多义性、理解词义的引申过程及其合理性,探讨其对词汇教学的重要现实意义。     

＂红＂词义演变的认知语义研究

从历时角度,用认知语言学的原型理论、隐语和转喻理论分析"红"的词义演变,揭示"红"词义演变原因及语法功能的改变与认知的联系,可以为带"红"词语提供重要的构词理据.     

浅谈事件域认知模型视角下的英语词义演变

国内学者将英语词义演变方式主要分为词义扩大、词义缩小、词义降格、词义升格和词义转移五类。事件域认知模型是王寅提出的一种认知模型,它弥补了Langacker,Talmy,Lakoff等人提出的认知模型的不足,具有较强的解释力。基于此,运用该理论对词义变化中的升降现象进行认知解释,并通过分析总结出英语词义扬升和贬降所体现出的事件域部分特点,以期促进事件域认知模型的广泛应用和加强对词义演变的理解。     

框架语义理论与汉语词义演变研究

近年来,认知语义学开始关注汉语词义演变现象。框架语义理论的认知性和应用性契合汉语词义演变研究的要求,框架网络资源也提供了材料：以“黑”、“白”为例,分析了“黑”、“白”两个词相似又相异的框架演变轨迹,表明义项联系建立在框架之间的认知联系上,不同义项是对框架中的不同框架元素凸显的结果。“黑”、“白”框架演变的相似性反映了词义的系统性,相异性反映了词义演变的顺序性。当然,作为个案研究,还需要大规模语料库和统计方法提供支撑。     

Having a Whale of a Time

A classroom practical exercise exploring the reliability of a basic capture‐mark‐recapture method of population estimation is described using great whale conservation as a starting point. Various teaching resources are made available.     

对公推直选乡镇长与乡镇党委书记的比较

公推直选乡镇长与乡镇党委书记出现的时间、发展现状与趋势、制度依据、选举成本,以及乡镇长与乡镇党委书记在乡镇政权中的作用有明显的不同。在我们看来,直接选举乡镇党委书记,发展的空间更广阔,对乡镇民主建设与乡镇政府职能转型所起的作用更大。     

一道联赛题的推广

题1 已知实数a、b、c、d互不相等，且n＋1/b=b＋1/c=c＋1/d=d＋1/a=x．     

关于循环矩阵求逆的一种算法

给出了利用多项式的欧几里德算法判断循环矩阵的可逆性和求逆的方法     

向量与数的乘法

Vectors may also be multiplied by a number. The productof the vector a by the number λ is defined as the vector a λ=λa, the absolute value of which is obtained by multiplying theabsolute value of the vector a by the absolute value of thenumber λ, i. e. |λa|=|λ||a|, the direction coinciding withthe direction of the vector a or being in the opposite sensedepending on whether λ>0 or λ<0. If λ=0 or a=0, then λ a     

三角形的一个性质的推广

本对[1]给出的三角形的一个性质进行推广．     

向量与数的乘法

（参考译文）。 向量也可和数做乘法．向量a与数字A的乘积定义为向量aλ—λa,它的绝对值是向量a的绝对值和数字A的绝对值的乘积,     

Paving a clear path in a thick forest: a conceptual analysis of a metacognitive component

The concept of metacognition refers to one’s knowledge and control of one’s own cognitive system. However, despite being widely used, this concept is confusing because of several reasons. First, sometimes it is not at all clear what is cognitive and what is metacognitive. Second, researchers often use the same term, namely, “metacognition” even when they refer to very different aspects of this complex concept. Alternatively, researchers may use different terms to indicate the same metacognitive elements. Another foggy matter is the interrelationships among the various components of metacognition discussed in the literature. This conceptual confusion regarding the concept of metacognition and its sub-components calls for in-depth theoretical and conceptual clarifications. The goal of this article is to portray a detailed example of a conceptual analysis of meta-strategic knowledge (MSK) which is one specific component of metacognition. This specific example is used to draw a general model for conceptual analyses of additional metacognitive components. The approach suggested here is to begin with a clear definition of the target sub component of metacognition, followed by a systematic examination of this sub component according to several dimensions that are relevant to metacognition in general and to that sub component in particular. The examination should include an analysis of how the details of the definition of the target sub-component refer to: (a) general theoretical metacognitive issues raised by prominent scholars; (b) definitions formulated and issues raised by other researchers who have investigated the same (or a similar) sub-component and, (c) empirical findings pertaining to that sub-component. Finally, it should be noted that since metacognition is a relational rather than a definite concept it is important to situate the context within which the conceptual analysis takes place.     

Rate of a maintained operant as a function of temporal position within a session

McSweeney and her colleagues (e.g., McSweeney, Hatfield, & Allen, 1990) have demonstrated reliable, large magnitude rate changes in maintained operants within daily sessions under a wide variety of reinforcement schedules. The present paper examined the role of schedule of reinforcement, reinforcement rate, and total amount of food access in determining those within-session rate changes. When median rates across birds were considered, all procedures resulted in a brief period of an increasing rate, followed by a modest rate loss across the major portion of the session. However, not all individuals exhibited that pattern. When the amount of food access per session was limited by lower reinforcement rates, shorter sessions, or shorter reinforcement durations, the magnitude of the withinsession rate change was reduced from that occurring without those constraints. Additionally, under the conditions that produced strong within-session rate changes, the magnitude of the within-session rate loss was correlated with the bird’s body weight. These effects are consistent with what is typically labeledsatiation.     

Developing a professional vision of classroom practices of a mathematics teacher: views from a researcher and a teacher

The term professional vision points to the many nuanced ways professionals see. This paper traces the development of a professional vision of a researcher and a teacher looking at classroom practices. The researcher’s interest was to capture and study notable aspects of the teacher’s practice. Through a coding scheme, disparate classroom events were organized and analyzed to yield a researcher’s professional vision of the teacher’s practices. For the teacher, through reviewing the video records of his own classroom practices, his professional vision provided a basis for him to reflect and develop professionally. Leveraging on the work of the researcher, he initiated and transformed his own practices. Their collaboration yielded a mutually informed development of professional vision of classroom practices. In juxtaposing the two developments, the researcher and the teacher’s views can be contrasted, their distinctive interests highlighted and common grounds explored. Some implications for developing professional vision are drawn, and it is in the common grounds of the teacher’s professional development and seeing with a goal of enhancing of student learning that hold some promise of a mutual interest in developing a professional vision of classroom practices.