低氧训练对肥胖大鼠糖有氧代谢关键酶基因表达的影响

目的:通过建立肥胖大鼠低氧训练模型,观察比目鱼肌糖有氧代谢关键酶的基因表达水平,探讨低氧训练对肥胖大鼠有氧代谢能力的影响。方法:出生21天的离乳雄性SD大鼠,经高脂饲料喂养10周、肥胖模型验证成功后,继续高脂饲料喂养2周,筛选130只随机分为13组:对照0周组,低氧安静1、2、3、4周组,常氧训练1、2、3、4周组,低氧训练1、2、3、4周组。低氧环境模拟海拔3 500m(氧浓度13.6%);常氧和低氧训练组分别以25m/min、20m/min进行跑台训练,各训练组持续运动1h/d、6d/w、1～4w。采用荧光定量PCR法测试比目鱼肌组织CS-2、NAD+-IDH3α、DLST-2mRNA表达水平。结果:1)常氧训练组第1、3周CS-2mRNA相对表达量较第2周显著升高(P<0.05),低氧安静组第3周较第1周显著降低(P<0.05)。第3周时低氧安静组、低氧训练组较常氧训练组显著降低(P<0.01或P<0.05)。2)常氧训练组、低氧安静组第2、3、4周NAD+-IDH3αmRNA相对表达量较0周显著升高(P<0.01或P<0.05),低氧训练组第1、2、4周较0周显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。第1周时低氧安静组、低氧训练组较常氧训练组显著升高(P<0.01);第4周时低氧训练组较常氧训练组、低氧安静组显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。3)常氧训练组第2、3、4周DLST-2mRNA相对表达量较0、1周显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),低氧安静组、低氧训练组第1、2、3、4周较0周显著降低(P<0.01);第1、3周时低氧安静组、低氧训练组较常氧训练组显著下降(P<0.05或P<0.01);第2周时低氧训练组较常氧训练组显著升高(P<0.05)。结论:1)4周低氧训练可逆转肥胖大鼠比目鱼肌由于低氧导致的CS-2mRNA表达的下降,以提高机体的有氧代谢能力。2)4周低氧训练上调肥胖大鼠比目鱼肌NAD+-IDH3αmRNA表达的作用强于常氧训练和低氧安静,可在一定程度上提高机体的有氧代谢能力。3)4周低氧训练、常氧训练和低氧安静均下调肥胖大鼠比目鱼肌DLST-2mRNA表达,可能在一定程度上影响机体的有氧代谢能力。     

不同模式低氧耐力训练对大鼠肝组织HIF-1α、HO-1 mRNA表达的影响

目的:观察大鼠肝组织中HIF-1α、HO-1 mRNA表达的变化,探讨不同模式低氧耐力训练对它们的影响。方法:适应性训练后60只雄性SD大鼠,随机分为常氧安静组、低氧安静组、低住低练组、高住高练组、高住低练组、低住高练组。低氧环境模拟海拔3 500 m的氧浓度(13.6%的氧浓度),低氧训练组强度为30 m/min,常氧训练组强度为35 m/min;所有训练组持续运动1 h/天,5天/周,共训练4周。采用实时荧光定量PCR检测大鼠肝组织HIF-1α、HO-1 mRNA水平的变化。结果:1)低氧安静、低住低练、高住高练、高住低练和低住高练组HIF-1αmRNA表达较常氧安静组均有非常显著性升高(P<0.01);高住高练组HIF-1αmRNA表达较低住低练、高住低练和低住高练组均有非常显著性升高(P<0.01);低氧安静组HIF-1αmRNA表达较高住低练、低住高练组有非常显著性升高(P<0.01);2)与常氧安静组相比,高住低练组HO-1 mRNA表达显著升高(P<0.05),而低氧安静、低住低练、高住高练和低住高练组HO-1 mRNA表达均有非常显著升高(P<0.01)。结论:1)单纯低氧、单纯训练和不同模式...     

低氧训练对大鼠骨骼肌一氧化氮合酶(NOS)系统的影响

目的:探讨不同低氧训练模式时机体骨骼肌一氧化氮合酶(MOS)系统影响的机制.方法:选用6周龄SD雄性大鼠120只,经3周适应性训练和力竭实验筛选出90只,随机分成9组:常氧安静对照组、持续低氧安静组、间歇低氧安静组、低住低练组、高住高练组、高住低练组、低住高练组、高住高练后复氧训练组和高住低练后复氧训练组.采用常压低氧仓以13.6%的氧浓度(相当于海拔3 500 m的氧浓度)进行低氧训练,根据血乳酸一速度曲线确定大鼠常氧训练的强度为35 m/min,低氧训练的强度为30 m/mim.低氧训练持续时间为6周,每周训练5天.在第4周末进行运动能力测试,第5周末进行力竭测试,在第6周末的最后一次运动后休息48 h后处死、取材.采用实时荧光定量PCR、免疫组化、Western blot等技术测试大鼠骨骼肌一氧化氮合酶(NOS)系统变化,以进一步探讨低氧训练对骨骼肌一氧化氮合酶(NOS)系统的适应机制.结果:高住高练组和常氧安静对照组相比,骨骼肌nNOSmRNA表达升高234%,有非常显著性差异(P<0.01);高住高练组与低住低练组相比,骨骼肌nNOS mRNA表达有非常显著性升高(P<0.01);高住高练后复氧训练1周,大鼠骨骼肌nNOS mRNA表达有非常显著性降低(P<0.01),回到常氧安静对照组水平;高住高练组、高住低练组及低住高练组骨骼肌iNOS mRNA表达分别升高92%、79%和125%,都有显著性差异(P<0.05);高住高练和高住低练后复氧训练1周,大鼠骨骼肌iNOS mRNA表达都有显著性降低(P<0.05),基本回到常氧安静对照组水平甚至还略低.与低住低练组相比,高住高练组骨骼肌eNOS mRNA表达有显著性升高(P<0.05);高住高练后复氧训练1周,大鼠骨骼肌eNOS mRNA有非常显著性下降(P<0.01).结论:三种低氧训练方式都有助于大鼠骨骼肌毛细血管舒张,但作用机制不同,高住低练主要通过iNOS系统来使血管舒张,而低住高练却是通过HO-1系统来达到血管舒张的目的,高住高练组两种方式都有,因此,其血管舒张的效果也是三种方式中最好的,但复氧训练后此功能迅速降低.各低氧训练组eNOS mRNA水平表达变化不大.     

低氧居住对大鼠血清EPO、T、C的影响及其相关性比较分析

目的：为探讨低氧居住时运动大鼠激素代谢间的影响因素及筛选高住低训时机能监控的激素指标。方法：SD大鼠40只,随机分为常氧居住安静组、常氧居住运动组、低氧居住安静组和低氧居住运动组。模拟海拔3000m高度,低氧居住大鼠每天低氧居住12h,运动大鼠每天在常氧环境下以25m／min的跑台速度训练1h,每周训练5天,持续4周,测试血清EPO、睾酮、皮质酮,T／C比值和进行指标间pearson相关性分析。结果：4周后SD大鼠安静组和运动组EPO与其相应的对照组相比均有极显著性意义的升高;血睾酮变化无统计学意义,运动组血皮质酮有极显著性意义的下降,T／C比值也极显著性高于相应对照组;安静大鼠血清EPO均与血睾酮呈高度正相关,T／C比值均与C呈高度负相关;低氧居住的运动大鼠T与C高度正相关,T／C比值与C高度负相关,EPO的变化并不受血清T、C及T／C比值的影响。结论：低氧居住增加了SD大鼠的血清EPO水平,T,C比值增高,有助于运动能力的提高;作相关性分析发现在HiLo过程中皮质醇（酮）有可能代替睾酮和T／C比值而成为身体机能监控的重要指标。     

低氧训练对大鼠肾皮质HIF-1α、VEGF基因表达的影响

目的:探讨不同模式低氧耐力训练对大鼠肾皮质HIF-1α、VEGF基因表达的影响.方法:6周龄雄性SD大鼠90只,经过适应性训练后筛选出60只,随机分为6组:常氧安静组、低氧安静组、低住低练组、高住低练组、低住高练组.采用常压低氧舱以13.6%的氧浓度(相当于海拔3 500 m的氧浓度)进行低氧训练,低氧训练强度为30 m/min,常氧训练强度为35 m/min,持续运动1 h/d,5天/周,训练4周.安静组4周末、训练组最后一次训练恢复24 h后取材.采用实时荧光定量PCR技术测试大鼠肾皮质HIF-1α、VEGF mRNA水平的变化.结果:高住高练组大鼠肾皮质HIF-1α、VEGF mRNA表达较低住低练组均有非常显著性上调(P<0.01);高住低练组、低住高练组大鼠肾皮质HIE-1α、VEGF mRNA表达与低住低练组相比有所升高,但无显著性差异;高住高练组HIF-1α与VEGF表达呈高度正相关,相关系数为0.798(P<0.05).结论:高住高练比高住低练、低住高练更能促进肾皮质HIF-1α、VEGF mRNA表达;高住高练肾皮质HIF-1α基因表达对VEGF转录有一定促进作用.     

高住低训对大鼠骨骼肌低氧诱导因子-1α和血管内皮生长因子蛋白表达的影响

目的:探讨高住低训(HiLo)对大鼠骨骼肌中低氧诱导因子(HIF-1α)和血管内皮因子(VEGF)蛋白表达的影响。方法:40只SD大鼠随机分为常氧安静组(C)、常氧训练组(E)、低氧安静组(L)和高住低训组(H)。实验选择模拟2500m海拔低氧环境,以20m/min的速度,6次/周,40min/d进行跑台训练。采用HE染色法观察高住低训对大鼠骨骼肌形态影响,RT-PCR法检测,半定量分析大鼠腓肠肌HIF-1αmRNA和VEGF m RNA表达,Western Blot检测,Image分析大鼠腓肠肌HIF-1α和VEGF蛋白表达。结果:H组HIF-1αm RNA和VEGF m RNA表达量显著升高(P<0.05),H组HIF-1α和VEGF蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.05)。结论:高住低训诱导HIF-1αmRNA和VEGF m RNA表达,高住低训对大鼠腓肠肌起到保护作用,其机制可能是通过上调腓肠肌HIF-1α和VEGF蛋白表达。     

低氧居住对大鼠血清EPO、T、C的影响及其相关性比较

目的:为探讨低氧居住时运动大鼠激素代谢间的影响因素及筛选高住低训时机能监控的激素指标.方法:SD大鼠40只,随机分为常氧居住安静组、常氧居住运动组、低氧居住安静组和低氧居住运动组.模拟海拔3000 m高度,低氧居住大鼠每天低氧居住12 h,运动大鼠每天在常氧环境下以25 m/min的跑台速度训练1 h,每周训练5天,持续4周,测试血清EPO、睾酮、皮质酮,T/C比值和进行指标间pearson相关性分析.结果:4周后SD大鼠安静组和运动组EPD与其相应的对照组相比均有极显著性意义的升高;血睾酮变化无统计学意义,运动组血皮质酮有极显著性意义的下降,T/C比值也极显著性高于相应对照组;安静大鼠血清EPO均与血睾酮呈高度正相关,T/C比值均与C呈高度负相关;低氧居住的运动大鼠T与C高度正相关,T/C比值与C高度负相关,EPD的变化并不受血清T、C及T/C比值的影响.结论:低氧居住增加了SD大鼠的血清EPO水平,T/C比值增高,有助于运动能力的提高;作相关性分析发现在HiLo过程中皮质醇(酮)有可能代替睾酮和T/C比值而成为身体机能监控的重要指标.     

低氧训练对葡萄糖转运与利用能力的影响

目的:探讨不同低氧训练模式对机体中葡萄糖转运与利用能力产生影响的机制.方法:选用6周龄雄性SD骼肌能源物质代谢,探讨大鼠120只,经3周适应性训练和力竭实验筛选出90只,随机分为9组:常氧安静对照组、持续低氧安静组、间歇低氧安静组、低住低练耐力组、高住高练耐力组、高住低练耐力组、低住高练耐力组、高住高练后复氧训练组和高住低练后复氧训练组.采用常压低氧舱以13.6%的氧浓度(相当于海拔3 500 m的氧浓度)进行低氧训练,根据血乳酸一速度曲线确定大鼠常氧训练的强度为35 m/mim,低氧训练的强度为30 m/min.低氧训练持续时间为6周,每周训练5天.其中,在第4周末进行运动能力测试,第5周末进行力竭测试,在第6周末的最后一次运动后休息48h后处死、取材.采用实时荧光定量PCR、免疫组化、western blot等技术测试大鼠骨骼肌GLUT1、GLUT4等基因mRNA水平和蛋白水平的变化,以进一步探讨低氧训练对骨骼肌葡萄糖转运与利用能力的适应机制.结果:高住高练组骨骼肌GLUT1(1.71倍)和GLUT4(1.54倍)mRNA水平表达与低住低练组(GLUT1:0.54倍;GLUT4:0.61倍)都明显增强(P＜0.01),高住低练组GLUT1(1.33倍)mRNA表达与低住低练组显著增强(P＜0.05),而高住低练组GLUT4(0.92倍)和低住高练组(GLUT1:0.92倍;GLUT4:0.52倍)变化不明显.高住高练后复氧训练GLUT1(0.54倍)和GLUT4(0.65倍)mRNA表达水平非常显著性降低(P＜0.01),高住低练后复氧训练GLUT1(0.66倍)mRNA表达水平非常显著性降低(P＜0.05).结论:高住高练比高住低练和低住高练更有利于提高葡萄糖转运能力.     

模拟不同海拔高度低氧训练对大鼠腓肠肌LDH和MDH活性的影响

选用雄性SD大鼠,分16组,建立用低压氧舱模拟2000m、3000m、4000m、高原低氧环境动物训练模型,探讨不同高度低氧训练1周及返回平原复初12周对大鼠腓肠肌乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)活性的影响。结果表明不同海拔高度1周训练后大鼠腓肠肌LDH活性没有显著性变化,而MDH活性有显著性提高,以3000m组提高幅度最大。返回平原后3000m、4000m组第1周腓肠肌MDH活性下降,第2周显著性回升,而2000m组大鼠腓肠肌MDH活性变化最稳定且活性最高,实验支持高原训练高度在2000m至3000m之间的观点,并认为在2000m高度训练可承受较大运动负荷。     

不同模式低氧及递增负荷训练对心肌肌球蛋白重链表达的影响

目的:主要通过间歇低氧训练和高住低练两种低氧训练模式观察运动即刻状态下大鼠心肌肌球蛋白重链比例表达。方法:48只大鼠分为6组,四周递增负荷跑台实验后,测得心肌肌球蛋白重链及相关指标。结果:①高住低练组较间歇低氧运动组,左心室心肌运动性肥大较为明显(P<0.05);②运动组心肌肌球蛋白β-MHC向α-MHC转化率高于常氧对照组,高住低练组高于间歇低氧运动组,且存在显著性差异(P<0.05);结论:本次实验中就心肌肌球蛋白重链等相关指标而言,高住低练组是本实验设计六组中最为理想的训练模式。     

Intermittent hypoxia exposure in a hypobaric chamber and erythropoietin abuse interpretation

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of intermittent hypoxia exposure on direct and indirect methods used to evaluate recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) misuse. Sixteen male triathletes were randomly assigned to either the intermittent hypoxia exposure group (experimental group) or the control normoxic group (control group). The members of the experimental group were exposed to simulated altitude (from 4000 to 5500 m) in a hypobaric chamber for 3 h per day, 5 days a week, for 4 weeks. Blood and urine samples were collected before and after the first and the final exposures, and again 2 weeks after the final exposure. While serum EPO significantly increased after the first [from a mean 8.3 IU x l(-1) (s = 3.2) to 16.6 IU x l(-1) (s = 4.7)] and final exposures [from 4.6 IU x l(-1) (s = 1.4) to 24.8 IU x l(-1) (s = 9.3)], haemoglobin, percentage of reticulocytes, and soluble transferrin receptor were not elevated. Second-generation ON/OFF models (indirect rhEPO misuse detection) were insensitive to intermittent hypoxia exposure. The distribution of the urinary EPO isoelectric profiles (direct rhEPO misuse detection) was altered after intermittent hypoxia exposure with a slight shift towards more basic isoforms. However, those shifts never resulted in misinterpretation of results. The intermittent hypoxia exposure protocol studied did not produce any false-positive result for indirect or direct detection of rhEPO misuse in spite of the changes in EPO serum concentrations and urinary EPO isoelectric profiles, respectively.     

常压模拟高住低练对大鼠红细胞形态学特征的影响

本研究探讨了常压模拟高住(海拔3000m)低练对大鼠红细胞形态学特征的影响。结果表明:低住安静组大鼠MCH低于其他三组大鼠,具有显著性差异(P<0.05);低住安静组平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)和常压高住安静组没有明显的差别,但低住低练组的MCHC明显地高于常压高住低练组,具有非常显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论:常压模拟高住低练时,红细胞血红蛋白合成减少,应加强营养物质铁、维生素B12、叶酸的补充。     

高原和低氧训练对促红细胞生成素影响的研究进展

高原和低氧训练已成为运动员训练的主要方式和手段,其训练目的主要是提高氧运输和摄取能力。目前对促红细胞生成素在训练中变化的报道较多,但在高原训练时间长短以及高原和低氧训练对促红细胞生成素影响异同等方面还没有报道。笔者通过查阅大量文献和对专家进行访谈,对高原训练和低氧训练促红细胞生成素研完进展加以综述,以便对高原和低氧训练过程中促红细胞生成素的影响规律有更加深刻和系统的了解。     

Intermittent hypoxia exposure in a hypobaric chamber and erythropoietin abuse interpretation

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of intermittent hypoxia exposure on direct and indirect methods used to evaluate recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) misuse. Sixteen male triathletes were randomly assigned to either the intermittent hypoxia exposure group (experimental group) or the control normoxic group (control group). The members of the experimental group were exposed to simulated altitude (from 4000 to 5500 m) in a hypobaric chamber for 3 h per day, 5 days a week, for 4 weeks. Blood and urine samples were collected before and after the first and the final exposures, and again 2 weeks after the final exposure. While serum EPO significantly increased after the first [from a mean 8.3 IU · l^?1 (s = 3.2) to 16.6 IU · l^?1 (s = 4.7)] and final exposures [from 4.6 IU · l^?1 (s = 1.4) to 24.8 IU · l^?1 (s = 9.3)], haemoglobin, percentage of reticulocytes, and soluble transferrin receptor were not elevated. Second-generation ON/OFF models (indirect rhEPO misuse detection) were insensitive to intermittent hypoxia exposure. The distribution of the urinary EPO isoelectric profiles (direct rhEPO misuse detection) was altered after intermittent hypoxia exposure with a slight shift towards more basic isoforms. However, those shifts never resulted in misinterpretation of results. The intermittent hypoxia exposure protocol studied did not produce any false-positive result for indirect or direct detection of rhEPO misuse in spite of the changes in EPO serum concentrations and urinary EPO isoelectric profiles, respectively.     

高住低训中EPO变化规律的研究

血清EPO(erythropoietin，促红细胞生成素)与红细胞的生成有密切关系。为确切了解EPO在高住低训中的变化规律，将14名大学生分为高住低训组和低住低训组，每组7人。高住低训组每天低压低氧(2500m模拟高度)暴露12小时；低住低训组在实验期间不进行低氧暴露。两组每天在常压常氧环境下进行一次3000m跑训练。实验为期4周。结果表明，促红细胞生成素在间断性低氧暴露初期就有升高变化，1天后出现高峰，这一高EPO水平一直维持到低压氧暴露结束。另外，对第2次低氧暴露完当天出低压氧仓即刻与常氧暴露10h后所测EPO结果的比较表明，常氧暴露后EPO呈下降趋势，说明间断性低氧暴露对EPO生成存在着慢性积累的过程。低住低训组的EPO水平一直比较平稳，说明常氧环境对EPO的分泌无明显影响。     

Altitude and endurance training

The benefits of living and training at altitude (HiHi) for an improved altitude performance of athletes are clear, but controlled studies for an improved sea-level performance are controversial. The reasons for not having a positive effect of HiHi include: (1) the acclimatization effect may have been insufficient for elite athletes to stimulate an increase in red cell mass/haemoglobin mass because of too low an altitude (< 2000-2200 m) and/or too short an altitude training period (<3-4 weeks); (2) the training effect at altitude may have been compromised due to insufficient training stimuli for enhancing the function of the neuromuscular and cardiovascular systems; and (3) enhanced stress with possible overtraining symptoms and an increased frequency of infections. Moreover, the effects of hypoxia in the brain may influence both training intensity and physiological responses during training at altitude. Thus, interrupting hypoxic exposure by training in normoxia may be a key factor in avoiding or minimizing the noxious effects that are known to occur in chronic hypoxia. When comparing HiHi and HiLo (living high and training low), it is obvious that both can induce a positive acclimatization effect and increase the oxygen transport capacity of blood, at least in 'responders', if certain prerequisites are met. The minimum dose to attain a haematological acclimatization effect is > 12 h a day for at least 3 weeks at an altitude or simulated altitude of 2100-2500 m. Exposure to hypoxia appears to have some positive transfer effects on subsequent training in normoxia during and after HiLo. The increased oxygen transport capacity of blood allows training at higher intensity during and after HiLo in subsequent normoxia, thereby increasing the potential to improve some neuromuscular and cardiovascular determinants of endurance performance. The effects of hypoxic training and intermittent short-term severe hypoxia at rest are not yet clear and they require further study.     

Altitude and endurance training

The benefits of living and training at altitude (HiHi) for an improved altitude performance of athletes are clear, but controlled studies for an improved sea-level performance are controversial. The reasons for not having a positive effect of HiHi include: (1) the acclimatization effect may have been insufficient for elite athletes to stimulate an increase in red cell mass/haemoglobin mass because of too low an altitude (<2000-2200 m) and/or too short an altitude training period (<3-4 weeks); (2) the training effect at altitude may have been compromised due to insufficient training stimuli for enhancing the function of the neuromuscular and cardiovascular systems; and (3) enhanced stress with possible overtraining symptoms and an increased frequency of infections. Moreover, the effects of hypoxia in the brain may influence both training intensity and physiological responses during training at altitude. Thus, interrupting hypoxic exposure by training in normoxia may be a key factor in avoiding or minimizing the noxious effects that are known to occur in chronic hypoxia. When comparing HiHi and HiLo (living high and training low), it is obvious that both can induce a positive acclimatization effect and increase the oxygen transport capacity of blood, at least in 'responders', if certain prerequisites are met. The minimum dose to attain a haematological acclimatization effect is >12 h a day for at least 3 weeks at an altitude or simulated altitude of 2100-2500 m. Exposure to hypoxia appears to have some positive transfer effects on subsequent training in normoxia during and after HiLo. The increased oxygen transport capacity of blood allows training at higher intensity during and after HiLo in subsequent normoxia, thereby increasing the potential to improve some neuromuscular and cardiovascular determinants of endurance performance. The effects of hypoxic training and intermittent short-term severe hypoxia at rest are not yet clear and they require further study.     

间歇性低氧训练对运动员有氧耐力影响的系统综述

目的:综合评价间歇性低氧训练对运动员有氧耐力的影响。方法:运用RevMan 4.2统计软件对纳入的相关数据进行系统综述(Meta分析),间歇性低氧训练(IHT)组和对照组间指标采用加权均数差(WMD)评价。结果:共纳入原始文献8篇,所有研究均未发现执行分配隐藏。Meta分析结果显示,与对照组相比,IHT的干预对运动员EPO、HB和3 000 m跑成绩均无显著性影响。结论:IHT作为一个短期(4周内)训练方式,对提高运动员有氧耐力的作用尚值得质疑,在运动训练中需谨慎应用。     

间歇性低氧与骨骼肌中的氧代谢适应

间歇性低氧训练是近些年来国际运动医学界研究的重点。根据低氧造成损害程度的高低，可以分为恶性低氧和细胞适应性低氧；以持续时间分类，可以分为持续性低氧和间歇性低氧。介绍了在间歇性低氧研究中所采用的各种模型，骨骼肌在低氧条件下的氧代谢适应，并指出低氧条件下的氧感应机制是未来的重点研究方向。     

低氧诱导因子-1影响运动能力的研究进展

低氧诱导因子-1（HIF-1）是介导细胞适应低氧状况的核转录因子。低氧训练可以上调机体HIF-1 mRNA,通过血管内皮生长因子（vEGF）和促红细胞生成素（EPO）的表达增加肌肉中的毛细血管密度和血液携氧能力,并促进糖酵解的进行,有利于运动能力的提高。