基于HEA方法的陕西省受损植被生态服务功能补偿评估

本文通过对HEA方法的改进,运用"中国生态系统生态服务价值当量因子表",推导出受损植被生态服务功能补偿评估计算公式。以相关统计资料为依据,应用公式,对陕西省森林和草地生态服务功能的受损量和补偿量进行了评估。发现,1986年~2004年,陕西省的森林生态服务功能水平每年递增1.7%,草地生态服务功能水平每年递减3.0%;1986年~2014年,陕西省草地的关键生态服务功能的受损量8090.7万当量,平均每年受损289.0万当量,相当于1986年、1994年、1999年、2004年4年草地关键生态服务功能价值当量平均值746.7万当量的38.7%;2005年~2014年,以耕地作为被转换的生态系统,陕西省最少需要2201.6×104hm2的耕地用于补偿受损草地。若以难利用土地作为被转换的生态系统,陕西省最少需要558.9×104hm2的难利用土地用于补偿受损草地。若把完成草地生态服务功能补偿的时间延长到2024年,则最少需要943.5×104hm2耕地用于补偿受损草地,或最少需要239.5×104hm2难利用土地用于补偿受损草地。     

中国红树林生态系统服务的能值价值

红树林是我国海岸湿地生态系统的重要类型之一,由于不合理的开发活动,已使我国红树林面积剧减,其提供多种服务的能力逐渐变弱。本文应用能值理论,对中国红树林生态系统服务的能值货币价值作了评估,结果表明,中国红树林生态系统服务的能值货币价值每年12.6×108元,每hm2价值9.24×104元,其中,凋落物的价值0.28×108元、木材价值0.12×108元、栖息地价值6.39×108元、抗风消浪价值1.05×108元、污染物处理价值4.76×108元、科学研究价值0.0206×108元。另外,根据能值理论和生态系统服务的时间尺度,提出了生态系统服务流量价值和存量价值的概念,并应用于中国红树林生态系统的计算。这方面的量化研究,为保护红树林生态系统及其服务的可持续利用提供了科学依据。     

庐山自然保护区森林生态系统服务价值评估

森林生态系统具有多种重要的生态功能,分析与评价森林生态系统服务功能的价值已成为当前生态学与生态经济学研究的前沿课题。根据森林生态系统服务价值的计算方法,估算了庐山自然保护区森林生态系统7项服务价值总量为26.1086×108元/年。庐山森林生态系统服务功能的直接经济价值和间接经济价值分别为16.1605×108元/年和9.9481×108元/年,直接经济价值是间接经济价值的1.62倍。在森林生态系统各项服务功能价值的贡献之中,其大小顺序依次为:森林游憩>固CO2释O2>土壤保持>净化空气>涵养水源>林果产品>保护生物多样性。森林游憩价值以16.0838×108元/年稳居第1位,占总价值的61.60%;其次为固CO2释O2的价值,占总价值的32.91%,两项合计占到95.51%。庐山森林生态系统服务在价值构成上异于全国一般规律的原因,主要在于庐山自然保护区高度发达的旅游产业和小规模的林业生产活动等。森林生态系统价值评估有助于人们对于森林生态系统价值的认识,有利于区域可持续发展战略的实施和推进。     

乌梁素海湿地生态系统服务功能及价值评估

干旱半干旱区湿地生态系统服务功能对区域环境具有重要的意义.该文在大量详实的基础数据和实地调查的基础之上,综合运用生态学、经济学方法对内蒙古乌梁素海建立湿地生态系统服务功能及价值评价的框架和方法.将湿地生态系统服务功能分为具有直接使用价值的生产产品功能和具有间接使用价值的生命支持系统功能进行评估.结果表明,直接使用价值(包括提供生态系统产品功能、休闲娱乐功能)约为0.45×108元,主要是芦苇资源的价值;间接使用价值(包括水资源调节功能、为野生动物提供栖息地功能、水质净化功能、大气调节功能、文化科学功能)为6.68×08元,间接价值远远大于直接价值,其中大气调节功能是价值量最高的服务功能.水量短缺和富营养化是影响湿地生态系统服务功能发挥的关键因素.     

内蒙古生态资产测量及生态建设研究

生态资产是生态系统生物资源直接价值及其生态服务功能价值的总和,对生态资产价值进行评估是政府宏观决策和生态环境建设的必要条件.该文提出了基于遥感定量测量的生态资产价值评估模型,并利用MODIS卫星数据和其它辅助数据,对内蒙古自治区进行了陆地生态资产的定量测量.定量测量结果显示,研究区生态资产存量为3 913.7×108元,其中草地对区域生态价值的贡献最大,占研究区总生态资产存量的50.2%,但森林对区域生态价值的贡献率最高,达到2 144元/hm2,远远超出其他类型生态系统.通过对研究区生态资产空间分布及结构分析,发现该区域的生态资产空间分布极不平衡,东北部到西南部以近似几何级数的方式急剧递减,广大中西部地区生态建设和提高生态储量的潜力巨大.在对内蒙古自治区陆地生态系统生态资产空间分布及其组成结构特点分析的基础上,将研究区划分为4个生态资产区,针对不同的区域提出相应的生态建设目标,并对研究区生态建设的空间布局进行了初步探讨.     

草地生态系统服务功能的研究进展

草地是世界上分布最广的陆地生态系统,为人类提供了净初级物质生产、碳蓄积与碳汇、调节气候、涵养水源、水土保持和防风固沙、改良土壤、维持生物多样性等产品和服务,但是只有部分产品和服务的价值得到人们的认识和计量,并具有市场价值.目前相对于其他生态系统而言,对草地生态系统服务功能研究还进行的较少.总结发现,关于草地生态系统服务功能研究目前主要存在以下问题:①缺乏动态性研究;②缺乏空间异质性研究;③缺乏评价和计算的生态经济学逻辑框架体系;④价值评价的理论和方法还不完善;⑤缺乏人类干扰下服务功能的变化与响应研究;⑥对各类草地生态系统研究的针对性不强;⑦缺乏适合我国草地生态系统服务功能特征的评估体系与方法.根据以上研究不足,笔者认为在草地生态系统服务功能研究领域应当关注和加强以下问题:①逐步建立相对完善的草地生态系统服务功能和价值评价的逻辑框架体系和方法;②提高不同类型草地生态系统服务功能研究的针对性;③加强人类干扰下生态服务功能的变化和响应研究;④将RS和GIS技术应用到生态服务功能动态性和空间异质性研究.     

拉萨河流域湿地生态系统服务功能价值变化

基于三期遥感影像解译数据和地理信息系统空间分析方法研究了拉萨河流域湿地30年(1976年-2006年)的动态变化过程,并评价分析了湿地生态系统服务功能的价值变化。研究结果表明:30年来拉萨河流域湿地总面积减少了2.02×104hm2,达8.8%,其中水域、高寒草甸以及沼泽湿地呈减少趋势,森林湿地和滩地呈增加趋势;湿地生态服务功能总价值损失41.20×108元,年均损失1.37×108元,以气体交换功能价值损失量最大。生态价值的损失主要是由对环境调节起主要作用的水域、草甸和沼泽湿地的减少造成的。     

辽宁近海海洋生态系统服务及其价值测评

参照千年生态系统评估的生态系统服务分类体系,以及生态系统服务类别间的相互作用,将辽宁近海海洋生态系统服务归纳为资源供给、环境调节和人文社会三大类共10项,并采用生态经济学的理论和研究方法,对辽宁近海海洋生态系统服务价值进行测评。结果表明:①2007年辽宁近海海洋生态系统服务总价值为710.35×108元,相当于2007年辽宁省GDP的6.44%。平均单位面积海域的生态服务价值为203.02×104元/km2;②在辽宁近海海洋生态系统服务总价值中,资源供给服务、环境调节服务、人文社会服务价值分别占33.18%、15.04%和51.78%。从所评价的10项海域生态服务的价值量大小看,依次为旅游娱乐价值食品供给价值水质净化调节价值空气质量调节价值干扰调节价值气体调节价值科研文化价值基因资源供给价值有害生物与疾病的生物调节与控制价值原材料供给价值。     

威海市黑松海防林生态系统服务价值评估

基于《中华人民共和国林业行业标准（LY/T1721—2008）·森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》中的评估体系和评估方法,对威海市黑松海防林生态系统服务功能实物量和价值进行了评估。威海市100079.6hm2黑松海防林生态系统服务总价值为221.81×107元·a-1。其中,生物多样性保护价值所占比例最大,为45%;固碳、释氧和固土所占比例分别为24%、13%和10%;保肥、涵养水源、净化大气和森林保护功能价值所占比例都低于5%。由于资料不足或评估方法局限,导致净化大气和森林保护功能价值有所低估。     

传统农业地区生态系统服务功能价值评估——以贵州省从江县为例

由于自然务件的限制和历史等原因,贵州省从江县至今还保持着比较完好的传统农业生产方式,并在此基础上形成了丰富的少数民族文化.这种传统农业生产方式的生态优越性以及与之相关的文化吸引了众多的关注,FAO考虑将其列为浙江省青田县的协作点.为了更好的说明传统生产方式保护的必要性,本文采用物质量和价值量相结合的评价方法,使用市场价值法、影子工程法、生产成本法、机会成本法等定量方法,评价了贵州省从江县传统农业区生态系统服务功能经济价值,试图为传统农业区保护提供科学而量化的依据.结果表明:从江县传统农业区生态系统服务现有生态经济价值为48.96×108元,其间接生态价值是直接经济价值的8倍多.土壤保持功能是该区生态系统服务的主要部分,占总体服务价值的44.80%,初级产品生产直接经济价值仅占总价值的11.23%.由此可以看出,传统农业区直接经济价值并不是其服务价值的主要部分,应充分发挥传统农业区生态系统的其他生态服务功能,加强对间接生态服务功能价值的理解和保护.此外,本文研究结果还为从江县生态补偿标准的制定提供科学基础.     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence     

Chinese Scientists Use Earth Observation Technologies to Study and Protect Wild Camels

<正>Chinese scientists plan to apply Earth Observation technologies to protect the critically endangered wild camels(Camelus ferus).With the help of remote sensing,satellite positioning,geographical information system and wireless sensors networks,they will be able to access the distribution and population of the wild camels and protect their habitats.The project will be carried out by the International Research Center for Wild Camel Conservation,which was jointly established earlier this year by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth(RADI)of the Chinese     

More than Skin Deep – Understand Skin Biology by Means of Dermatogenomics

<正>The Paul Gerson Unna Research Group on Dermatogenomics was founded in October 2012 at the Partner Institute for Computational Biology.The ultimate goal of the group is to understand the biology of skin and skin appendages.