Influence of fasting on muscle composition and antioxidant defenses of market-size Sparus macrocephalus

The study was conducted to investigate fasting effects on flesh composition and antioxidant defenses of market-size Sparus macrocephalus. Two hundred fish （main initial weight 580 g） were divided into two groups （control and fasted） and reared in 6 cages. After two weeks of adaptation, group I fasted for 28 d; group II was fed normally as a control. In 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 d, 6 fish per group were sampled for proximate flesh composition, liver antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde flesh content analyses. In fasted fish, the reduction of lipid content in muscle occurred after day 3, and, compared to controls, the content of protein decreased from day 14, the activities of liver antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase （SOD） and glutathione peroxidase （GPX） increased from day 3, and flesh malondialdehyde levels increased from day 21. Flesh fat reduction shows that fasting may be used as a technique to reduce flesh lipid content in Sparus macrocephalus. However, considering flesh protein loss and the subsequent oxidative stress, the fasting technique should be used with precautions.     

Effects of α-tocopheryl acetate supplementation in preslaughter diet on antioxidant enzyme activities and fillet quality of commercial-size Sparus macrocephalus

This study examined the effects of dietary α-tocopheryl acetate supplementation on antioxidant enzyme activities and fillet quality in commercial-size Sparus macrocephalus. Three hundred fish [main initial weight （350±12） g] were divided into three groups （E250, E500 and El000） and reared in 9 cages. The fish were fed for 8 weeks with three diets containing different levels of dietary α-tocopheryl acetate （289, 553, 1069 mg/kg）. Over the experimental period, fish were fed to satiation and reached a final mean weight of （465±28） g without significant body weight difference and proximate composition difference. Fillet α-tocopherol was significantly （P〈0.05） different between groups, reaching levels of 14.2, 22.1, 30.9 pg/mg fillet for groups E250, E500 and El000, respectively. Total serum superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity increased significantly （P〈0.05） in fish fed the diets high in α-tocopheryl acetate, but serum glutathione peroxidase （GPX） activity was unaffected. In storage on ice, fillets of fish fed the diets high in α-tocopheryl acetate exhibited significantly lower （P〈0.05） levels of oxidation. These results suggested that increased dietary α-tocopheryl acetate could increase its flesh deposition, increase the activity of SOD and prevent lipid peroxidation ofSparus macrocephalus fillets in retail storage on ice.     

Effects of soybean isoflavone on intestinal antioxidant capacity and cytokines in young piglets fed oxidized fish oil

To investigate the effect of glycitein, a synthetic soybean isoflavone (ISF), on the intestinal antioxidant capacity, morphology, and cytokine content in young piglets fed oxidized fish oil, 72 4-d-old male piglets were assigned to three treatments. The control group was fed a basal diet containing fresh fish oil, and the other two groups received the same diet except for the substitution with the same dosage of oxidized fish oil alone or with ISF (oxidized fish oil plus ISF). After 21 d of feeding, supplementation of oxidized fish oil increased the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-2 (IL-2), nuclear factor κ B (NF-κB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), NO, and Caspase-3 in jejunal mucosa, and decreased the villous height in duodenum and the levels of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and IL-4 in the jejunal mucosa compared with supplementation with fresh oil. The addition of oxidized fish oil plus ISF partially alleviated this negative effect. The addition of oxidized fish oil plus ISF increased the villous height and levels of sIgA and IL-4 in jejunal mucosa, but decreased the levels of IL-1β and IL-2 in jejunal mucosa (P<0.05) compared with oxidized fish oil. Collectively, these results show that dietary supplementation of ISF could partly alleviate the negative effect of oxidized fish oil by improving the intestinal morphology as well as the antioxidant capacity and immune function in young piglets.     

脱氢表雄酮对鸡脂质代谢的调节与抗氧化作用的研究

研究DHEA对淮南王鸡脂质代谢与抗氧化的影响。240只8日龄健康雏鸡随机分为4组:对照组(饲喂基础饲料)以及试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(分别饲喂含有5、15和45 mg DHEA/kg的饲料)。42和56日龄各组随机抽取发育正常的12只个体,空腹称重,按常规方法屠宰,测定肝脏、腹脂、皮下脂肪相对重以及胸肌、腿肌肌内脂肪含量,并测定56日龄时血清丙二醛(MDA)、葡萄糖(Glu)、甘油三酯(TG)和胆固醇(TC)含量以及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)和肝脂酶(HL)活性等。结果显示:在42日龄,试验Ⅱ组肝脏以及试验III组腹脂、皮下脂肪相对重显著低于对照组(P<0.05);在56日龄,试验Ⅱ组肝脏、腹脂相对重以及试验Ⅲ组的腹脂、皮下脂肪相对重皆显著降低(P<0.05);DHEA处理有降低血糖、血脂的趋势,其中试验Ⅱ组血清血糖、TC、TG和VLDL含量均显著低于对照组,差异显著(P<0.05);试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清LPL活性显著升高(P<0.05),试验Ⅰ组血清HL活性显著增加(P<0.05);试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组血清MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05),而T-AOC水平显著增加(P<0.05)。结论:DHEA具有降低鸡的脂质代谢和增强抗氧化的作用。     

Evaluation of the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of Rubus parvifolius L

The hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of the n-butanol extract of Rubus parvifolius L. (RPL), a widely used medicinal plant, were evaluated. Results demonstrated that RPL extract possessed pronounced hepatoprotective effects against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced hepatic injury in mice, which was at least partially attributed to its strong antioxidant capacity. Treatment with RPL extract markedly attenuated the increases in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels caused by CCl₄ intoxication. It also significantly prevented the decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and the increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content of liver tissue. Meanwhile, histopathological changes of hepatic damage were also remarkably ameliorated. Phytochemical analysis based on high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) revealed the presence of various phenolic compounds, including caffeic acid conjugates, ellagic acid glycosides, and flavonol glycosides, which might be responsible for the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of RPL.     

海藻多糖抗氧化作用的实验研究

目的:研究海藻多糖(Polysaechrides from Spirulina Platensis,PSP)对小鼠肝损伤动物模型与肝匀浆脂质过氧化模型的抗氧化作用。方法:采用腹腔注射CCL4的方法,制造小鼠肝损伤动物模型,金氏法测定血清谷氨酸丙酮酸转氨酶(SGPT)和肝脏的过氧化脂质(Lipoper-oxides,LPO)含量;Fenton反应诱导小鼠肝匀浆脂质过氧化动物模型,采用硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)法测定肝匀浆LPO。结果:在体外,海藻多糖可剂量依赖性地抑制Fenton反应导致的CCL4毒化小鼠肝匀浆中LPO的生成,其IC50为1.6×10-4。在体内,灌胃250mg/kg的海藻多糖组可明显降低CCL4毒化小鼠血清SGPT活性(P<0.01)。结论:海藻多糖对体内外的肝组织有一定程度的抗氧化作用。     

Evaluation of organ distribution of microcystins in the freshwater phytoplanktivorous fish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hypophthalmichthys molitrix</Emphasis>

To evaluate the public health risk of exposure to microcystins in fish food in China, the distribution pattem of microcystin-LR and microcystin-RR in various organs （liver, intestine, kidney, muscle and lipid） of the dominant freshwater phytoplanktivorous fish Hypophthalmichthys molitrix in Hangzhou, China＇s Tiesha River was investigated with the method of HPLC-ESI-MS analysis. The distribution of microcystins was different in the fish organs and the major total microcystins （microcystin-LR and microcystin-RR） were present in the intestines （6.49 μg/g fresh weight）, followed by the livers （4.52 μg/g fresh weight） and the muscles （2.86 μg/g fresh weight）. Microcystins were detected in kidneys （1.35 μg/g fresh weight）, but not detected in lipid. The results suggested that the mean daily intake from fish was 0.03 μg/kg body weight which was very close to the recommended WHO tolerable daily intake （TDI） level of 0.04μg/kg body weight per day, and local people were wamed they may have health risk if they consumed fish from the river.     

三叶悬钩子对大鼠酒精性肝炎保护作用

目的：：观察三叶悬钩子乙醇提取物对大鼠酒精性肝炎的保护作用。方法：90只大鼠,随机分为6组,每天上午8：00灌胃1次,正常组大鼠灌胃给蒸馏水,其余5组大鼠灌胃给白酒,连续灌胃28 d,建立大鼠酒精性肝炎模型;第15天开始,每天上午9：00各组大鼠均以相应药物灌胃1次,连续灌胃14 d;第28天末次灌胃后,取血、取肝脏,检测血清天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（GOT）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（GPT）活性及肝组织丙二醛（MDA）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性;观察肝脏指数及肝组织病理变化。结果：三叶悬钩子乙醇提取物能显著降低肝炎大鼠GPT、GOT活性和MDA含量,能显著提高肝炎大鼠SOD活性;能显著降低肝炎大鼠肝脏指数;能显著减轻肝炎大鼠肝组织水肿和脂肪变性。结论：三叶悬钩子对大鼠酒精性肝炎有保护作用。     

Influence of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on growth, fatty acid composition and hepatic lipogenesis in large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea R.)

We examined the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on growth, fatty acid composition and enzyme activity of fatty acid oxidation in the liver of large yellow croaker. We divided 1600 fish (average initial weight 150 g) into 4 groups and reared them in 8 cages. Four dietary treatments were formulated to contain 0%, 1%, 2% and 4% (w/w) CLA, respectively. The fish were fed for 10 weeks ad libitum twice daily. We found that the dietary CLA had no effect on growth, biometric parameters and whole body proximate (P>0.05), but showed some significant effects on the fatty acid composition in both muscle and the liver.The activities oflipogenic enzymes were slightly depressed in fish fed with increasing levels of CLA when compared with control (P>0.05). Dietary CLA supplementation had no effects on liver lipid content, but significantly increased the contents of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (P＜0.05) and decreased monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content in both muscle and the liver. Dietary CLA inclusion resulted in significant increases of the biologically active cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 isomers in both tissues (P＜0.05). The total accumulation of CLA was higher in the liver (3.83%, w/w) than in muscle (3.77%, w/w) when fed with 4% (w/w) CLA. This study demonstrates that large yellow croakers are capable of absorbing and depositing CLA and long-chain n-3 PUFA in the liver and muscle, showing that this species fed with CLA could be an important human food source for these healthful fatty acids.     

Protective effects of Salvia miltiorrhizae on the hearts of rats with severe acute pancreatits or obstructive jaundice

Objective  To investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of Salvia miltiorrhizae (Danshen) in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP)- or obstructive jaundice (OJ)-induced heart injury. Methods  A total of 288 rats were used for SAP- (n=108) and OJ-associated (n=180) experiments. The rats were randomly divided into sham-operated, model control, and Salvia miltiorrhizae-treated groups. According to the difference of time points after operation, SAP rats in each group were subdivided into 3, 6 and 12 h subgroups (n=12), whereas OJ rats were subdivided into 7, 14, 21, and 28 d subgroups (n=15). At the corresponding time points after operation, the mortality rates of the rats, the contents of endotoxin and phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) in blood, and pathological changes of the hearts were investigated. Results  The numbers of dead SAP and OJ rats in the treated groups declined as compared with those in the model control group, but not significantly (P>0.05). The contents of endotoxin (at 6 and 12 h in SAP rats and on 7, 14, 21, and 28 d in OJ rats, respectively) and PLA₂ (at 6 and 12 h in SAP rats and on 28 d in OJ rats, respectively) in the treated group were significantly lower than those in the model control group (P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively). Besides, myocardial pathological injuries were mitigated in SAP and OJ rats. Conclusion  In this study, we found that Salvia miltiorrhizae improved myocardial pathological changes, reduced the content of PLA₂ in blood, and decreased the mortality rates of SAP and OJ rats, exerting protective effects on the hearts of the rats. Projected supported by the Technological Foundation Project of Traditional Chinese Medicine Science of Zhejiang Province (Nos. 2003C130 and 2004C142), the Grave Foundation Project for Technological and Development of Hangzhou City (No. 2003123B19), and the Intensive Foundation Project for Technology of Hangzhou City (No. 2004Z006), China     

四溴二苯醚与高氯酸盐联合暴露对成年斑马鱼肝脏抗氧化系统的影响

实验选择四溴二苯醚（BDE-47）与高氯酸盐（PER）作为研究对象,系统研究了二者联合暴露对成年斑马鱼肝脏抗氧化系统的影响。实验设置（BDE-47 8.5+PER 335） mg/L,（BDE-47 0.85+PER 33.5） mg/L,（BDE-47 0.085+PER 3.35） mg/L三种联合暴露组及二者各自单一的暴露组。暴露14天后,分别测定雌雄斑马鱼肝脏内超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（Gpx）活性以及脂质过氧化物（MDA）水平。结果显示,与两种物质单一暴露相比,联合暴露致使肝脏内SOD,CAT的活性增加,MDA水平增加,而GSH活性降低,实验说明,PER诱导加剧了BDE-47对成年斑马鱼肝脏抗氧化酶的影响,进一步产生了氧化应激。     

Isolation and physiological characteristics of a premature senescence mutant in rice （Oryza sativa L.）

A rice pse(t) (premature senescence, tentatively) mutant line, was isolated from 4500 independent T-DNA inserted transgenic lines. The symptoms of premature senescence appeared more severely than those of the control plants (Zhonghua 11,japonica) at the last development stage. To characterize the mutant and provide basic information on the candidate genes by mapping to a physical region of 220-kb, experiments were carried out in two phytotrons under controlled temperature of 24 ℃ and28 ℃, respectively. The content of chlorophyll, soluble protein and MDA (malondialdehyde), net photosynthesis, the antioxidant enzyme activities of SOD (superoxide dismuase) (EC 1.15.1.1) and POD (peroxidase) (EC 1.11.1.7) and the peptidase activities of leaves were measured from top to bottom according to the leaf positions at the flowering stage. Compared with the control plant,the mutant showed the following characteristics: (1) Higher net photosynthesis rate (Pn) appeared in the 1 st and 2nd leaves, contents of chlorophyll and soluble protein were also higher in the 1 st leaf; (2) The activities of SOD, POD and peptidase were higher according to the leaf position from top to bottom; (3) The symptom of premature senescence was accelerated in the mutant at 28℃treatment. The MDA content and the SOD and POD activities between the 24 ℃ and 28 ℃ treatment mutants were not significantly different. Content of chlorophyll and soluble protein of leaves mutant decreased rapidly at 28 ℃ treatment. The results show that pse(t) is sensitive to high temperature. The probable function of PSE(T) is discussed.     

Research on the protection effect of pioglitazone for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） in rats

Objective： The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） has markedly increased. Insulin resistance has been implicated in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. This study was aimed at observing the relationship between insulin resistance and NAFLD, and evaluating the role of pioglitazone （PGZ） acting as insulin-sensitizing agents in the prevention and treatment of rat fatty liver induced by high fat feeding. Methods： The rats were separated randomly into 6 groups： model group Ⅰ were fed high fat diet for 8 weeks, PGZ prevention group were given PGZ 4 mg/（kg.d） simultaneously, while control group Ⅰ were fed normal food for 8 weeks; model group Ⅱ were fed high fat diet for 16 weeks, PGZ treatment group were given PGZ 4 mg/（kg.d） orally simultaneous with high fat diet for 8 weeks after high fat feeding for 8 weeks, control group Ⅱ were fed normal food for 16 weeks. The rats were sacrificed after 8 weeks and 16 weeks respectively. Liver weight, body weight, serum activities of alanine aminotransferase （ALT）, aspartate aminotransferase （AST）, alkaline phosphatase （ALP）, tumor necrosis factor alpha （TNF-α）, fasting blood glucose （FBG）, fasting plasma insulin （FINS）, HOMA （homeostasis model assessment） insulin resistance index （HOMA-IR）, and the liver histology of rats of all groups were assayed. Results： After 8 weeks, the liver in model group Ⅰ showed typical steatosis, accompanied with mild to moderate lobular inflammatory cell infiltration, liver indexes and serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, TNF-α were significantly increased （P〈0.05） compared with control group Ⅰ. Whereas, the degree of hepatic injury was attenuated in PGZ prevention group, liver indexes and serum levels of ALT, ALP were significantly decreased （P〈0.05） compared with model group Ⅰ. After 16 weeks, notable steatosis, and lobular inflammation were observed in model group Ⅱ rat liver, while the degree of hepatic injury was attenuated in the PGZ treatment group. Liver index, serum levels ofALT, AST, ALP, FINS and HOMA-IR were significantly increased （P〈0.05） in model group Ⅱ compared with control group Ⅱ. Whereas, in PGZ treatment group, serum levels of AST and FINS showed decreasing tendency, liver indexes, serum levels of ALT, ALP, TNF-α and HOMA-IR were significantly decreased compared with model group Ⅱ. Conclusion： Insulin resistance plays a role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD in rats. Pioglitazone can attenuate insulin resistance and biochemical and histological injury in high fat-induced fatty liver in rats.     

复方中草药对AA肉鸡肌肉抗氧化能力的影响

目的:研究复方中草药对肉鸡肌肉抗氧化能力的影响。方法:选用健康1日龄AA肉鸡400羽,随机分为对照组和试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组,每组100羽。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别在基础日粮中添加0.5%、1.0%和1.5%的复方中草药,试验期42 d。结果:21日龄时,与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组肉鸡胸肌和腿肌SOD和T-AOC活性及GSH-PX含量不同程度升高,MDA含量不同程度降低,其中试验Ⅱ组胸肌T-AOC活性和GSH-PX含量显著升高,胸肌MDA含量显著降低(P0.05);试验Ⅰ和Ⅲ组胸肌SOD活性和试验Ⅲ组腿肌SOD活性和GSH-PX含量也显著升高(P0.05);而各试验组腿肌MDA含量均显著降低(P0.05)。42日龄时,与对照组相比,各试验组胸肌MDA含量均显著降低(P0.05),而试验Ⅱ组胸肌GSH-PX含量显著升高(P0.05),且各试验组腿肌T-AOC活性也均有不同程度的提高。结论:添加不同剂量的复方中草药可不同程度提高肉鸡胸肌和腿肌抗氧化酶活性,降低MDA含量,其中以添加1.0%的复方中草药提高胸肌抗氧化能力效果最好,而添加1.5%的复方中草药提高腿肌抗氧化能力效果较好。     

Intrathymic inoculation of donor liver specific antigen alleviates rejection of liver allotransplantation

Use and effects of liver specific antigen in orthotopic liver transplantations were researched in this study. Group I: syngeneic control (Wistar-to-Wistar); Group II: acute rejection (SD-to-Wistar); Group III: Thymic inoculation of SD rat LSA day 7 before transplantation. The observation of common situation and survival time, rejection grades, NF-κB activity of splenocytes and IL-2mRNA expression of grafted liver were used to analyze acute rejection severity and immune state of animals in different groups. The common situation of group I was very well after transplantation and no signs of rejection were found. Recipients of group II lost body weight progressively All dead within day 9 to day 13 posttransplantation; median survival time was 10.7 ±0.51 days. It was an optimal acute rejection control. As for group III, 5 out of 6 recipients survived for a long time and common situation was remarkably better than that of group II. Its rejection grades were significantly lower than that of group II(P<0.05). NF-κB activity was only detected in group I at day 5 and day 7 after transplantation, whereas high activity of NF-κB was detected at all time points in groupII and the low NF-κB activity detected in group III was significantly lower than that of group II (P<0.05). No IL-2mRNA expression was detected at any time point in group I, whereas high level expression was detected at all time points in group II and the low level expression only detected at day 3 in group III was significantly lower than that of group II (P<0.05). Conclusion: LSA is an important transplantation antigen which is involved directly in the immunorejection of liver transplantation. We report here for the first time that intrathymic inoculation of LSA can alleviate the rejection of liver allotransplantation; and that grafts can survive for a long time thereby, thus leading to a novel way to achieve liver transplantation immunotolerance. Project (NO. 011106206) supported by the Science and Technology Bureau of Zhejiang Province Foundation     

Chlorella vulgaris triggers apoptosis in hepatocarcinogenesis-induced rats

Chlorella vulgaris (CV) has been reported to have antioxidant and anticancer properties. We evaluated the effect of CV on apoptotic regulator protein expression in liver cancer-induced rats. Male Wistar rats (200∼250 g) were divided into eight groups: control group (normal diet), CDE group (choline deficient diet supplemented with ethionine in drinking water to induce hepatocarcinogenesis), CV groups with three different doses of CV (50, 150, and 300 mg/kg body weight), and CDE groups treated with different doses of CV (50, 150, and 300 mg/kg body weight). Rats were sacrificed at various weeks and liver tissues were embedded in paraffin blocks for immunohistochemistry studies. CV, at increasing doses, decreased the expression of anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2, but increased the expression of pro-apoptotic protein, caspase 8, in CDE rats, which was correlated with decreased hepatoctyes proliferation and increased apoptosis as determined by bromodeoxy-uridine (BrdU) labeling and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, respectively. Our study shows that CV has definite chemopreventive effect by inducing apoptosis via decreasing the expression of Bcl-2 and increasing the expression of caspase 8 in hepatocarcinogenesis-induced rats. Project supported by Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, and the Malaysian Ministry of Science and Technological Innovation (MOSTI)     

肉鸡肺动脉高压肝脏和心脏线粒体氧自由基变化研究

400只艾维茵肉鸡按常规方法育雏在21日龄时随机分为两组,A组200只在24℃下饲养,B组200只在低温12℃下饲养。在28、35、42、49日龄测定腹水心脏指数和红细胞压积,分离鉴定腹水肉鸡心、肝线粒体,测定其所含的MnSOD活性以及线粒体膜结构的MDA含量变化经。结果表明:(1)低温处理后一周和二周,在肝脏和心脏线粒体中,SOD含量升高或显著升高(p<0.05)。MDA含量降低或显著降低(p<0.05)。(2)低温处理三周后,SOD的含量降低或显著降低。MDA的含量升高或显著升高(p<0.05)。本实验结果显示肝脏和心脏的线粒体SOD和MDA的变化与肉鸡腹水综合征的发生发展关系密切,氧自由基在亚细胞水平上参与了疾病的病理过程。     

Survey of antioxidant capacity and phenolic composition of blueberry, blackberry, and strawberry in Nanjing

Berries are a good source of natural antioxidants. In the present study, the total antioxidant capacity and phenolic composition of three berry fruits (blueberry, blackberry, and strawberry) cultivated in Nanjing were investigated. Blueberry, with a Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) value of 14.98 mmol Trolox/100 g dry weight (DW), exhibited the strongest total antioxidant capacity using both the 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods. Blueberry also had the highest total phenolic content (TPC, 9.44 mg gallic acid/g DW), total flavonoid content (TFC, 36.08 mg rutin/g DW), and total anthocyanidin content (TAC, 24.38 mg catechin/g DW). A preliminary analysis using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that the blueberry, blackberry, and strawberry samples tested contained a range of phenolic acids (including gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, ellagic acid, and cinnamic acid) and various types of flavonoids (flavone: luteolin; flavonols: rutin, myricetin, quercetrin, and quercetin; flavanols: gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, catechin, and catechin gallate; anthocyanidins: malvidin-3-galactoside, malvidin-3-glucoside, and cyanidin). In particular, the blueberries had high levels of proanthocyanidins and anthocyanidins, which might be responsible for their strong antioxidant activities. These results indicate a potential market role for berries (especially blueberries) as a functional food ingredient or nutraceutical.     

Different responses of two Mosla species to potassium limitation in relation to acid rain deposition

The increasingly serious problem of acid rain is leading to increased potassium (K) loss from soils, and in our field investigation, we found that even congenerically relative Mosla species show different tolerance to K-deficiency. A hydroponic study was conducted on the growth of two Mosla species and their morphological, physiological and stoichiometric traits in response to limited (0.35 mmol K/L), normal (3.25 mmol K/L) and excessive (6.50 mmol K/L) K concentrations. Mosla hangchowensis is an endangered plant, whereas Mosla dianthera a widespread weed. In the case of M. hangchowensis, in comparison with normal K concentration, K-limitation induced a significant reduction in net photosynthetic rate (P _n), soluble protein content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, but an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. However, leaf mass ratio (LMR) and root mass ratio (RMR) were changed little by K-limitation. In contrast, for M. dianthera, K-limitation had little effect on P _n, soluble protein content, SOD activity, and MDA concentration, but increased LMR and RMR. Critical values of N (nitrogen): K and K:P (phosphorus) ratios in the shoots indicated that limitation in acquiring K occurred under K-limited conditions for M. hangchowensis but not for M. dianthera. We found that low K content in natural habitats was a restrictive factor in the growth and distribution of M. hangchowensis, and soil K-deficiency caused by acid rain worsened the situation of M. hangchowensis, while M. dianthera could well acclimate to the increasing K-deficiency. We suggest that controlling the acid rain and applying K fertilizers may be an effective way to rescue the endangered M. hangchowensis. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30570113) and the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (No. 20060335008), China     

GC-MS法对软枣猕猴桃中脂肪酸的成分分析

对软枣猕猴桃不同部位的脂肪酸组成和含量进行了分析对比.采用索氏提取法提取果肉和果籽中的脂肪油,以氢氧化钾-甲醇溶液对脂肪油中的脂肪酸进行甲酯化,用气相色谱-质谱联用仪进行分析.结果表明:软枣猕猴桃果肉和果籽中均含有亚麻酸,且果籽的亚麻酸含量高于果肉;果肉中含有亚油酸,但在果籽中并未检出.