The mechanisms of collaboration in inventive teams: Composition, social networks, and geography

This paper investigates the composition of creative teams of academic scientists engaged in inventive activity. Our data provides a unique opportunity to explore the links between team composition and commercialization outcomes. We find that there are coordination costs associated with reaching across academic departments and organizational boundaries to build teams. However, we also find evidence of benefits due to knowledge diversity, particularly in the cases of truly novel combinations. In support of internal cohesion arguments, we find that performance improves with the experience of the team. In line with arguments regarding the value of diverse external networks, we find that teams that are composed of members from multiple institutions - focal university, other research institution, and/or industry - are more successful in generating patents, licenses, and royalties. Finally, we find that the presence of prior social ties supporting links with external team members positively influences commercial outcomes. We find that there is no benefit to proximity in team configuration.     

Engaging excellence? Effects of faculty quality on university engagement with industry

We investigate how universities’ research quality shapes their engagement with industry. Previous research has predominantly found a positive relationship between academics’ research quality and their commercialization activities. Here we use industry involvement measures that are broader than commercialization and indicate actual collaboration, i.e. collaborative research, contract research and consulting. We hypothesise that the relationship between faculty quality and industry engagement differs across disciplines, depending on complementarities between industrial and academic work, and resource requirements. Using a dataset covering all UK universities, we find that in technology-oriented disciplines, departmental faculty quality is positively related to industry involvement. In the medical and biological sciences we find a positive effect of departmental faculty quality but establish that this does not apply to star scientists. In the social sciences, we find some support for a negative relationship between faculty quality and particularly the more applied forms of industry involvement. The implication for science policy makers and university managers is that differentiated approaches to promoting university-industry relationships are required.     

发达国家一发展中国家的专利战略比较研究

本文对发达国家与发展中国家的专利战略进行了比较研究。文章分析了日本、美国专利战略的特点,介绍了发展中国家的专利战略,并对其特点进行了归纳和总结;最后,通过对比研究,提出了我可以借鉴的一些经验。     

我国青年科技将帅人才团队建设及学术交流现状研究

本研究通过对我国1272名青年科技将帅人才的问卷调查研究,得到青年科技将帅人才在团队建设及学术交流上的有关数据和心理反应,比如,在课题组人员构成中博士后不足1名,且将帅人才感到获得好的博士后后最难,再如,与80年代中期相比,我国研究人员学术交流次数有不同程度的增加,特别是与国外的学术交流次数增加明显,但是,仍然有25．1％的人作为优秀科研人员几乎从不与国外交流,这些结果对科研管理与决策具有一定的参考价值。     

Soviet scientists in chinese institutes: A historical study of cooperation between the two academies of sciences in 1950s

In the 1950s, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) engaged in close cooperation with the Soviet Academy of Sciences. The CAS sent scientists to the Soviet Academy to work as interns, study for advanced degrees, or engage in academic cooperation, and a large number of Soviet scientists were invited by the various institutes of the CAS to come to China to give lectures, direct research, help make scientific plans, and collaborate. The comprehensive cooperation between the two academies was launched at a time when the CAS institutes were in their embryonic stage, which suggests that the better-established Soviet scientists had the opportunity to play a dominate role. But the reality is not so straightforward. The case studies in this paper suggest that besides the influence of compatible political movements in China and the Soviet Union and bilateral ties between these two nations’ scientific institutes, disharmony in actual working relationships prevented Soviet scientists from playing the role they might have envisioned within the CAS institutes. The rapid development of the cooperative relationship in a short span of time, combined with lack of experience on both sides, made for a disharmonious collaboration.     

科学家学:全域社会视角的科学家研究

从可持续发展的视角出发,在总结前人研究成果的基础上,总结归纳资源型县域的绿色矿业综合评价指标体系。并运用AHP-EM-TOPSIS集成评价方法对我国河南嵩县2006-2011年绿色矿业建设情况进行综合评价。评价结果表明,当前嵩县的绿色矿业仍处于中等水平,还有较大的发展空间,应当充分发挥资源优势,将其转化为经济优势,完善绿色矿业体系,实现资源、环境、经济和社会的协调发展。     

美日德三国技术援助举措及对中国的启示

从较早开展技术援助的主要发达国家中选择美国、日本和德国3个各具特色的典型国家,重点对其技术援助及其相关政策进行系统的归纳总结,并从中得出对中国技术援外的四点启示:系统建立技术援助框架;成立以技术援助的全权负责机构;采用绩效导向型管理模式并建立技术援助评估机制,加强对国内外的宣传。     

中国风电制造产业国际技术转移现状及问题分析

清洁能源技术国际转移是全球环境治理的关键内容。本文对中国风电制造产业国际技术转移的内在机制和规律进行了梳理和总结,并对其存在的问题进行深入分析,最后提出完善我国风电制造产业国际技术转移的对策和建议。     

典型母语非英语国家学术期刊评价体系案例分析及经验借鉴

[目的]在探究母语非英语国家学术期刊评价体系建设进展和经验的基础上,探索建立科学的评价体系,推动本土学术期刊高质量发展和保障自身科研安全稳定。[方法]基于Scopus非英语类期刊数量分布,确定西班牙、俄罗斯、德国、法国、巴西和意大利为典型母语非英语国家,采用网络调研法和案例分析法,从评价目的、评价主体、评价客体、评价标准等方面对上述国家主要的学术期刊评价体系进行分析。[结果]典型母语非英语国家的学术期刊评价体系建设经验包括：面向应用场景制定本国评价标准、多元评价主体共建评价协作网络、评价对象从期刊向论文层级细分、合理处理与国际引文数据库关系。[结论]母语非英语国家已充分认识到构建本土化学术期刊评价体系对推动本国学术期刊出版和科研创新体系发展的重要意义,并在实践中积累了丰富的经验,对完善我国学术期刊评价体系具有重要借鉴。     

Citizens of somewhere: Examining the geography of foreign and native-born academics’ engagement with external actors

This paper explores the geography of academic engagement patterns of native and foreign-born academics, contrasting how patterns of intranational and international engagement with non-academic actors differ between these two groups. We suggest that foreign-born academics will engage more internationally than their native-born colleagues, whereas native-born academics will have greater levels of intranational engagement. Drawing upon a large multi-source dataset, including a major new survey of all academics working in the UK, we find support for the idea that where people are born influences how they engage with non-academic actors. We also find that these differences are attenuated by an individual’s intranational and international experience, ethnicity and language skills. We explore the implications of these findings for policy to support intranational and international academic engagement.     

Upgrading the technological capabilities of foreign transnational subsidiaries in developing countries: The case of electronics in Thailand

Although substantial research shows the importance of transnational corporations (TNCs) to export-led growth in some developing countries, it cannot be assumed that TNC subsidiaries will automatically upgrade their capabilities through time or in a uniform fashion. This paper explores the pattern and pace of a sample of exporting TNC subsidiaries operating in the electronics industry in Thailand, showing how the different architectures of global value chains (centralised versus decentralised) shaped the technological progress of subsidiaries in this country. The case evidence suggests a wide variety in upgrading through time, with some subsidiaries failing to develop capabilities and remaining as ‘assembly only’ plants. Other more dynamic plants developed process engineering and product design skills, investing heavily in capability building. One common determinant in capability building appears to be the overall technology strategy of the global value chain leader (or parent company). In those subsidiaries which did not upgrade beyond assembly, technology decisions and processes were tightly controlled within the parent headquarter locations in relatively centralised international value networks. By contrast, the more dynamic plants exercised more discretion over local capability building. The latter operated in relatively decentralised networks, more open to domestic policies to encourage upgrading. The study suggests that governments should tailor upgrading policies not only according to the approximate level of capabilities attained by local subsidiaries, but also according to how receptive subsidiaries are to upgrading, arguing that capability building and policy receptiveness go hand-in-hand. Other countries hoping to upgrade the quality of foreign direct investment might also wish to focus policies on the more technologically capable, ambitious and receptive categories of foreign subsidiary.     

Corruption as a source of e-Government projects failure in developing countries: A theoretical exposition

While the literature has touted e-Government as a tool for combating corruption, no study has discussed so far how corruption could influence e-Government project failure. This article tries to fill part of this void in past research by proposing a contextual framework that highlights the role corruption plays in stimulating the failure of e-Government projects in developing countries. Informed by prior relevant literature on general systems, organizational information processing, corruption, as well as e-Government, the proposed framework argues that the prevalence of corruption in developing economies could restrict moral and governance capabilities of administrative systems overseeing e-Governments in a way that could lead to the failure of these entities to produce initiatives that meet stakeholders' expectations. This theoretical study discusses this idea and underscores the value of the suggested framework for guiding scientific inquiries into this important topic and helping the public officials interested in planning, managing, and auditing e-Government initiatives.     

National innovation system in less successful developing countries: the case of Thailand

This paper, using Thailand as a case study, aims at understanding the national innovation system (NIS) in developing countries which are less successful in technological catching-up. In contrast to developed countries, the development level of Thailand’s NIS does not link to its economic structural development level. As Thailand moves from agricultural to an increasingly industrial economy, its NIS remains weak and fragmented. The mismatch between the two affected Thailand’s competitiveness and partially contributed to the recent economic crisis. Studies of NIS in countries like Thailand should focus on factors contributing to the long-running perpetuation of weak and fragmented NIS.     

从责任自由看我国科研体制的弊端及解决——兼与奉公教授的“拟成果购买制”商榷

 自由是实现科学创新的基本条件,是科学家从事科学活动的一项基本权利,国家目标下的科学家个人自由是以社会责任为基础的内在自由和外在自由的统一,是一种责任自由。但是,我国目前科研体制中存在着不利于责任自由实现的限制因素,根源在于它仅仅把科学作为促生产的手段,而没有同时把科学求真本身当作目的;以拟成果购买制改造现有的政府立项拨款制,同样遮蔽了科学的精神价值,因而不能从根本上解决现有体制的弊端,实现对责任自由的建构。     

我国一流青年生物医学科学家科学论文计量分析

文章探讨了我国一流青年生物医学科学家科学论文产出状况、受资助前后的变化,并与诺贝尔生理学或医学奖获得者获奖前科学论文产出进行了比较。结果显示我国一流青年生物医学科学家高质量原创性论文稀少,与诺贝尔奖级科学家获奖前的群体水平差距较大,在科学群体的层级结构中仍处于较低层级;我国目前科研管理中的“定时”和“短时”制度有悖于科学研究自由探索的需要,科研管理应尊重科学规律,还科学研究时间自由。     

亚洲主要国家(地区)学术期刊状况分析

以亚洲12个国家(地区)为研究样本,通过《乌利希国际期刊指南》(Ulrichsweb)和科睿唯安《期刊引证报告》(JCR)数据库,对亚洲主要国家(地区)的期刊出版状况和学术影响力进行分析。研究发现:中国学术期刊数量较多,被JCR收录的期刊比例相对较低,但期刊质量远高于亚洲其他国家(地区),进入Q1和Q2区的期刊占期刊总数的46.0%。中国应大力发展英文期刊,同时重视多语种期刊的发展并注重数字化出版,进一步提高学术期刊的国际影响力。