The impact of transaction costs on the institutional structuration of collaborative academic research

This paper addresses a crucial question: Which factors explain the choices of institutional structures made by university researchers? The main findings of the study point to the central importance of publication assets, coordination costs, additional funding, and membership in the disciplines of engineering, natural sciences and health sciences as factors affecting the choices of institutional structures university researchers make when they become involved in collaborative research projects. On the other hand, the number of years researchers have been involved in collaborative research, the capture of additional publications linked to involvement in collaborative research, the importance of administrative burdens and the time required to coordinate collaborative research were demonstrated to be unimportant in explaining these choices.     

邻近性视角下长三角协同创新绩效影响因素实证研究

以江浙沪三地为研究对象,结合三地2008—2016年的面板数据,探讨制度临近性、认知邻近性和经济邻近性等因素对协同创新绩效的影响。实证结果表明,经济邻近性和制度邻近性能够促进协同创新绩效的提升;认知邻近性与协同创新绩效的关系呈倒U形。模型测度结果显示,江浙沪地区之间的认知邻近性较高,已对协同创新绩效产生抑制作用;经济邻近性和制度邻近性对跨区域协同创新绩效尚处于正向影响阶段。最后基于实证结果提出政策建议。     

China's emerging presence in nanoscience and nanotechnology: A comparative bibliometric study of several nanoscience ‘giants’

This paper aims to provide an integrated bibliometric analysis of the knowledge base of nanoscience and nanotechnology in the Chinese research community. For comparative purposes, the results are benchmarked against the findings from four other major nations: France, Germany, Japan, and the USA. It is found that China is productive in nanoscience as far as publication activity is concerned. The analyses of collaboration and institutional patterns enable us to identify the active collaborative networks and productive research institutions among the five countries. Finally, analysis of the citation share and certain surrogate indicators shows that the Chinese scientific community needs to work on improving its research impact.     

制度支持是否促进了产学研协同创新？——企业吸收能力的调节作用和产学研合作紧密度的中介作用

产学研的协同创新需要制度予以支持,而现有研究鲜有从制度支持这一“帮助之手”视角展开探讨。因此,本文依据二分法制度理论,在将制度支持分为正式和非正式制度支持两个维度的基础上,就2010-2016年间中国大陆30个省市区的数据,采用固定效应模型和面板校正标准误方法探究制度支持对产学研协同创新的影响,并考察在这一影响过程中企业吸收能力的调节作用以及产学研合作紧密度的中介作用。研究结果表明,作为“帮助之手”,正式和非正式制度支持均对产学研协同创新有正向影响;企业吸收能力增强了正式制度支持对产学研协同创新的影响,但却减弱了非正式制度支持对产学研协同创新的影响;产学研合作紧密度在正式和非正式制度支持影响产学研协同创新中均起到部分中介作用。本文的研究结果能够为从制度支持视角促进产学研协同创新提出建议,推动产学研协同创新的发展。     

民航协同创新网络的集群特性分析

通过收集分析103例民航协同创新案例,以机构类型分布为研究视角,建立创新集群和协作网络的结构模型对比进行分析。采用复杂网络的研究方法建立民航协同创新协作网络,分析网络的整体特征,进一步运用聚类分析找出协同创新网络中协作关系较为紧密的集群类型,重点研究民航协同创新网络中的主要集群结构特征,找出网络中重点机构类型并研究其在网络中的作用,探讨与其他机构类型形成的集群现象,论证政产学研协作关系在民航协同创新发展中的重要作用。     

中西部地区地方本科高校专利协作的特征与影响因素研究——以河南省为例

[目的/意义]发现地方本科高校协同创新规律,探索更为高效的地方本科高校区域协同创新机制,对于降低我国中西部高等教育资源相对缺乏省份的区域创新成本、提高区域创新水平具有十分重要的现实意义。[方法/过程]本文以河南省省属本科高校为例,通过对其2014-2016年国内机构合作发明专利的统计分析,考察了中西部省份地方省属高校协同创新的特征与影响因素。[结果/结论]研究结果显示,河南省省属本科高校存在合作发明专利数量偏少、比例偏低、在合作网络中存在围绕地域与机构内敛的小圈子等现象。针对这些现象可能产生的影响,本文进行了讨论。     

Across institutional boundaries?: Research collaboration in German public sector nanoscience

Research collaboration is a key mechanism for linking distributed knowledge and competencies into novel ideas and research venues. The need for effective inter-institutional knowledge flows is of particular importance in emerging domains of research, and also a challenge for public research systems with a high degree of institutional differentiation. Motivated by concerns about favorable institutional conditions for the conduct of scientific research, we analyze research collaboration in the emergent domain of nanoscience within the highly segmented German public research system. Drawing on multiple data sources, such as co-publications, macro research statistics, and in-depth interviews, we identify governance structures that support or hinder scientists’ efforts to engage in collaborative work relations across institutional boundaries.     

Inter-organizational relationships and knowledge sharing through the relationship and institutional orientations in supply chains

Sharing knowledge in inter-organizational relationships is one way to enhance strategic competitiveness. It is generally agreed that the development of close relationships facilitates such sharing among partners. This paper presents a research model comprises five research hypotheses with four constructs, including relationship orientation, institutional orientation, relational risk and knowledge sharing. This study develops a conceptual model that relational risk as a mediating construct to examine the inter-relationship effects that affect knowledge sharing and these relationships. We analyze data collected from 312 of the top 1000 Taiwanese manufacturing firms in 2011 listed in Business Weekly. The results of the empirical study suggest that the role played by relationship orientation and institutional orientation is critical in ensuring the inter-organizational knowledge sharing as it mitigates the relational risk in the process. The findings of the study provide practical insights into how supply chain members should reinforce their relational and institutional view of relational governance and manage relational risks so as to improve their collaborative behaviors and in turn achieve the competitive advantage of knowledge sharing for the supply chain as a whole.     

国立科研机构如何牵引核心技术攻坚体系：国际经验与启示

国立科研机构作为国家战略科技力量,在解决事关国家全局和长远发展的重大问题上发挥着极其重要的作用。当前,我国在关键核心技术攻坚过程中面临严峻挑战,为了更高效地发挥中国科学院等国立科研机构在核心技术攻坚体系中的关键牵引作用,文章选取著名的欧洲国立科研机构——比利时微电子研究中心(IMEC),分析、归纳和总结其在战略定位、顶层设计以及攻关体制机制等方面成功的经验并凝练启示。基于此,文章进一步思考在新形势下,我国国立科研机构应如何在核心技术攻坚体系中,探索服务重大技术突破的制度设计与组织机制创新,明确核心平台的战略定位和突破关键共性技术的战略任务,完善对相关知识产权成果的现代化、科学化管理机制,形成强大的吸引力和凝聚力,推动各类创新主体形成基于深度信任的协同合作研发,为全面提升我国核心技术攻坚体系的效能,作出国家战略科技力量应有的贡献。     

中国会计信息研究文献统计及演进分析——基于我国经济管理类权威核心期刊文献数据

本文系统整理了1995-2012年来我国会计信息研究相关成果,发现我国会计信息研究在总体特征与演变特征呈现三大差异性趋势：研究领域向信息使用者转变,研究方法向实证研究转变,研究方式向合作研究转变。认为导致三大差异的主要原因是经济转型和制度变迁的宏观背景、研究生教育的变革和学术交流尤其是国际交流的加强。     

A conceptual model for managing incompatible impacts of organisational structures on awareness levels

Awareness levels of individuals about various aspects of the collaborative processes can be achieved by effective promotive interactions among them. Cultural structures are regarded as one of the major determinants of knowledge sharing patterns and awareness levels of individuals in collaborative contexts. Through an exploratory review of the literature, the present study points to the two rival organisational structures of cooperation and competition that coexist in any organisation in different intensities and mixtures. Finding a desirable mix of the above two structures is currently a challenging task and no explicit method exists for determining such an ideal mix. This study provides further theoretical insights into the analysis of incompatible impacts of several factors on the awareness levels of individuals in collaborative contexts. Drawn from the findings in the current body of literature, a conceptual model is developed. The proposed model relates cooperative and competitive structures, task dimensions, and group characteristics as potential factors that determine the awareness levels of individuals. The face validity of the proposed model is checked by employing an expert focus group. As a result, a number of enhancements and improvements to the model are proposed. Pragmatic aspects of the proposed model are then discussed and recommendations for future research are provided.     

技术异质性下中国工业生态效率地区差异及驱动因素

探究不同技术水平下工业生态效率地区差异及影响因素,是实现协同建设工业生态文明的基本前提。本文在考虑地区技术异质性的基础上,基于共同前沿理论,运用非期望产出SBM模型,测度2008—2018年中国30个省（市、区）工业生态效率和区域间技术差距,并从无效率根源和外部环境两个维度检验了工业生态效率损失根源和外部影响因素。结果发现：①共同前沿下的中国工业生态效率整体呈上升趋势,年均值由2008年的0.589上升至2018年的0.603,依然存在一定的改善空间。②中国地区工业技术水平存在显著差异,总体表现为内陆经济区明显低于沿海经济区,其中5个内陆经济区与全国最优技术水平存在30.0%以上的技术差距。③无效率分解发现,南部沿海和北部沿海区为高管理无效低技术无效型,其余经济区及全国为低管理无效高技术无效型;30个省（市、区）无效率类型各异,但主要由技术无效率所致。④经济水平、环境规制、产业集聚对全国工业生态效率提升有促进作用,而能源结构、外商投资有抑制作用;环境因素对八大经济区的影响方向和程度明显不同,其中北部沿海区“波特假说”成立、长江中游和西南区“污染天堂假说”成立。本文可为探寻工业生态效率提升路径提供新视角,为协同建设工业生态文明提供经验参考。     

以企业为主体的产学研协同创新:管理框架构建

构建以企业为主体的产学研协同创新体系不仅是提高企业自主创新能力的关键，更是建设创新型国家的战略要求。基于中国转型经济情境，文章廓清了以企业为主体的产学研协同创新的内涵，跨层整合了宏观层国家创新系统和微观层企业技术创新系统，并提出了以企业为主体的产学研协同创新管理框架。该框架打开了企业在内外部环境互动下主导产学研协同创新实现自身技术创新的黑箱，探讨了企业家主导产学研协同创新提高企业创新能力和创新绩效的机理。另外，文章拓展了现有产学研协同创新的相关研究。     

基于扎根理论的产学研协同创新绩效影响因素分析

针对目前对于产学研协同创新绩效影响因素的理论研究较为松散、缺乏系统化研究成果的现实,运用扎根理论对现有研究中产学研协同创新绩效影响因素内容进行开放式编码、主轴性编码和选择性编码,并通过理论饱和度检验,总结得出产学研协同创新绩效影响因素划可分为环境因素和过程因素两个维度,其中环境因素包括市场需求水平、科技成果转化水平、知识产权保护和法律法规支持情况等;过程因素包括科技中介服务、协同创新服务平台、信息沟通网络建设和文化价值融合情况等。     

产学研协同模式下关键核心技术创新演化与驱动研究

针对“关键核心技术创新突破”焦点问题，考虑创新过程的动态性特点、关键影响因素及其作用机制，以企业和学研机构为博弈主体构建产学研协同模式下关键核心技术创新演化博弈模型，系统探讨影响博弈双方合作策略选择的关键因素及其驱动机制，并结合数值仿真揭示各因素变动下协同创新系统的演化轨迹。结果表明：政策激励因素能够促进企业与学研机构协同创新，但不同政策措施的影响效果具有差异；降低合作成本和“搭便车”收益，提升合作收益增量能够促进协同创新；盲目设置过高的创新深度而使研发成功率过低无助于双方合作；企业对学研机构的研发资助、违约金、机会损失和声誉损失以及合理的利益分配系数能够有效抑制中途背叛行为的发生。基于此，提出优化政府政策组合、鼓励企业牵头组建创新联合体、完善体制机制设计等建议，从而为政府科学施策、精准施策，推动解决关键核心技术“卡脖子”问题提供实践参考。     

制度复杂性、创业导向与创新型创业———一个基于跨国案例的组态分析

创新型创业是实现经济高质量发展的重要引擎,如何提升创新型创业水平是中国亟待解决的重要问题。基于制度复杂性和创业导向理论,本文提出了探究创新型创业驱动路径的整合性分析框架,并且采用模糊集定性比较分析方法对全球50个经济体进行组态分析。研究发现：(1)政府政策、金融资本、创业教育、创业文化、风险承担性和创新性,均不是产生高创新型创业的必要条件,但加强创业教育对高创新型创业的产生发挥着较普适的作用。(2)3条路径可以产生高创新型创业,包括政府主导下的教育驱动型、政府与文化助力下的资本-教育-风险承担驱动型和文化主导下的资本与教育驱动型,不同路径代表着不同经济体高创新型创业的多重实现方式。(3)5条路径导致非高创新型创业,并且与产生高创新型创业的路径存在非对称关系。本文的研究结论有助于揭示多因素并发影响创新型创业的复杂因果机制,深化对制度复杂性的认识,并为提升中国创新型创业水平提供有益的政策启示。     

多层次理论框架下中国高校创业教育能力的实证研究

在我国开展全民创业情景下,创业教育显得尤为重要。通过一个多层次的理论框架,实证研究决定创业研究成果的关键因素,包括宏观制度环境、中观社会网络以及高校内部的微观因素,探究这些要素之间的内部机理,发现宏观制度环境的作用并不显著,而科研基金、创业教育机构、学者之间网络能够促进高校的研究能力,同时教育机构、学者之间的社会网络具有正向调节作用。     

Design and the management of multi-institutional research collaborations: Theoretical implications from two case studies

Over the past three decades, U.S. science and technology funding agencies have increasingly supported large-scale, centralized, block grant-based research projects that often span multiple disciplines and institutions. This trend has developed at such a rate that research focused on understanding the management of these new collaborative models has largely not kept pace. We use two case studies of large-scale, multi-disciplinary collaborations to develop an institutional framework that illuminates the relationships among (a) the epistemic norms of the disciplines represented in the collaboration, (b) the organizational structure of these collaborations, and (c) the inter-institutional collaboration success.The results of our case study analysis demonstrate that large-scale, multi-discipline, inter-institutional collaborations need a relatively high level of development in either (1) the epistemic development of the disciplines involved in the collaboration or (2) the organizational structure of the collaboration. We argue that the domain (i.e. epistemic or organizational) that provides the highest level of institutionalization is the one that organizes the “rules” of the collaboration.     

The role of collaborative networks in supporting the innovation performances of lagging-behind European regions

In rapidly changing regional economies, less innovative European regions (henceforth referred to as lagging-behind regions) must actively work to reduce the gap between them and knowledge-intensive regions. Recent literature has stressed that the lack of efficient institutional settings reduces the opportunities of local knowledge spillover and increases the need for local organisations to exploit collaborative networks to better support their innovation performance. In this light, since increasing attention has recently been directed at the role of inter-regional collaborations, we have measured the capacity of local innovative organisations embedded in lagging-behind European regions to develop internal and external regional inventors’ networks by exploring their collaborative patenting processes. Then, a seven-year panel dataset (2002–2008) was organised using patents data at a regional level to validate the research hypothesis that collaborations, and specifically with highly innovative (knowledge-intensive) regions, positively affect the innovation performances of lagging-behind regions. Finally, the implications of EU policies for supporting lagging-behind regions are discussed.     

颠覆性技术研发与管理资助体系：分析模型与国外实践

颠覆性技术因具有破坏性、交叉性、高风险高回报等特点,一旦研发成功,会带来产业的重大变革、国家的竞争力飞跃甚至世界格局的重塑等颠覆性结果。世界上很多国家,特别是科技强国,会通过设立颠覆性技术研发管理机构、出台支持颠覆性技术发展的战略政策、部署颠覆性技术研发项目等方式开展颠覆性技术的研发与管理工作,并形成了不同特色的管理与资助体系。为更加系统、直观的揭示国外典型国家颠覆性技术研发与管理资助情况,本文从技术、项目、机构、国家四层进行建模研究,重点以机构层为例,对美国、欧洲、日本的颠覆性技术研发与管理资助体系开展分析,并通过三维叠加对国外典型国家和地区整体颠覆性技术研发与管理资助体系进行整体归纳分析。