创业网络对新企业绩效的影响研究——组织学习的中介作用

近些年来,创业网络在创业领域的应用受到极大关注。社会网络理论作为创业网络研究的主要支持理论,将复杂的社会学和人类学引入到经济管理领域,为创业研究注入新的活力。创业网络对绩效的影响是创业网络研究关注的热点,但对于创业网络作用机理研究明显不足。在对长春、北京及福州三地进行实地调研的基础上,深入分析创业网络与新企业绩效的内在关系,并从过程视角研究新企业组织学习对创业网络和企业绩效关系中的作用。研究表明,创业网络能够促进知识的共享和转移,实现组织经验的积累,从而促进组织学习,进而影响企业绩效。组织学习在创业网络对新企业绩效影响中起到中介作用。     

对外搜寻战略与企业新产品绩效的关系研究——企业家导向和竞争的联合调节作用

研究分析了对外搜寻战略对企业新产品绩效的影响，检验了企业内部因素企业家导向和外部因素竞争程度对对外搜寻战略的调节作用以及其联合调节作用。运用318家企业的调研数据进行了模型验证，利用AMOS和SPSS软件分析后，结果表明，深度搜寻战略和宽度搜寻战略均有利于企业新产品绩效提升；企业家导向和竞争程度对搜寻战略与新产品绩效的关系存在联合调节作用。当竞争程度低时，企业应选择深度搜寻战略更利于新产品绩效，若企业希望在竞争程度高的环境中选择深度搜寻战略，企业需提高其企业家导向程度；另一方面，当竞争程度和企业家导向程度均处于较高水平时，企业选择宽度搜寻战略会获得较好的新产品绩效。     

From new imported inputs to new exported products. Firm-level evidence from Sweden

This paper investigates the determinants of the propensity of firms to export new products, and focuses on the role of new imported inputs. Importing offers access to new technologies and better combination of inputs that can lead to new or improved products for the export markets. Based on a sample of more than 14,000 Swedish manufacturing firms over the period 2001–2012, we show that importing new inputs is a key determinant of firms’ propensity to add new products to their export portfolio, even after controlling for multinationality, patenting activity, productivity and a number of other firm characteristics. This is mainly due to the import of new intermediate inputs and it is stronger for smaller firms.     

Inducing knowledge sharing in teams through cost-efficient compensation schemes

A natural challenge for firms seeking to implement knowledge management systems is accounting for the interplay of incentives among workers and supervisors. This paper studies this interaction, focusing on the dynamics arising from joint projects, task evaluation, and knowledge sharing, in the framework of a game-theoretic model. We identify conditions under which a firm can minimize the costs of implementing an incentives-based system for knowledge sharing, taking into account the firm’s ability to monitor individual performance. We show that an employer in our framework has a stronger incentive to monitor tasks when relative-performance pay is small and when higher-paid agents are more likely to generate new knowledge.     

创业认知对新创企业战略多样性影响机理研究

创业战略多样性实现过程中,创业认知和知识基础是关键性前因变量,现有研究尚未对此进行深入分析探讨。本文从社会认知和知识基础理论出发,探讨创业认知对新创企业战略多样性的影响,构建创业认知通过知识多样性影响战略多样性的研究模型,并在此基础上进一步分析吸收能力对知识多样性与战略多样性关系的调节效应。通过188份创业者问卷数据进行实证分析发现：创业配置认知、意愿认知和能力认知能够显著提升战略多样性水平,知识多样性在其中发挥了部分中介作用,吸收能力正向调节了知识多样性与战略多样性之间的关系。     

手段导向对国际创业绩效的影响研究

基于手段导向理论和资源基础理论,构建手段导向、外部知识获取、国际机会识别与国际创业绩效之间关系的理论模型。通过对278份调查样本进行实证分析,结果表明：手段导向对国际创业绩效有显著正向影响;外部知识获取在手段导向与国际创业绩效之间具有中介作用;国际机会识别在手段导向与国际创业绩效之间具有中介作用;外部知识获取、国际机会识别在手段导向与国际创业绩效关系间具有链式中介作用。     

Network dynamics in regional clusters: Evidence from Chile

A wealth of empirical literature shows that one of elements of success for regional clusters is that they facilitate the formation of local inter-organizational networks, which act as conduits of knowledge and innovation. While several studies analyse the benefits and characteristics of regional cluster networks, very little is known about how such networks evolve over time and the extent to which their dynamics can affect development processes. Using longitudinal data on a wine cluster in Chile and Stochastic Actor-Oriented Models (SAOM) to measure network dynamics, this paper examines the microdynamics underpinning the formation of new knowledge ties among wineries. It finds that the coexistence of cohesion effects (reciprocity and transitivity) with the weak knowledge bases of some firms in the cluster contribute to a stable informal hierarchical network structure over time. The empirical results have implications for theories on network dynamics in regional clusters and cluster policies.     

When do incumbents learn from entrepreneurial ventures?: Corporate venture capital and investing firm innovation rates

In this paper, we focus on the potential innovative benefits to corporate venture capital (CVC), i.e. equity investments in entrepreneurial ventures by incumbent firms. We propose that corporate venture capital programs may be instrumental in harvesting innovations from entrepreneurial ventures and thus an important part of a firm's overall innovation strategy. We hypothesize that these programs are especially effective in weak intellectual property (IP) regimes and when the firm has sufficient absorptive capacity. We analyze a large panel of public firms over a 20-year period and find that increases in corporate venture capital investments are associated with subsequent increases in firm patenting.     

企业集群中企业家精神的外部经济性考察

企业家精神是中小企业创立和发展过程的重要影响因素，它对企业外部的组织和个人也产生影响。本文从外部性的角度探讨论企业家活动和精神对区域经济发展的作用，从解剖麻雀式的案例分析中得出了企业家精神具有外部经济性的结论，并同时分析了这种经济性形成的框架，讨论了动力与转化机制。文章认为，要实现企业将精神的外部经济性，文化输入起到关键的促进作用，而企业家活动、员工跨组织流动和企业衍生等则是经济形成的主要途径。文章最后指出了研究可能存在的问题，为后续研究假设提供了基础。     

“情绪-行为-绩效”视角的创业激情研究

   “激情创业,理性行动”已成为创业实践领域的共识,也是提升创业成长水平的重要手段。基于“Affect-Behavior-Output”分析框架构建了创业激情对新创企业绩效作用机理模型,并分析失败事件学习在其中的调节作用。通过对225份创业者问卷数据分析结果显示：（1）创业激情有助于提升创业者的资源拼凑行为;（2）创业者的资源拼凑行为有助于提升新创企业的绩效表现,且创业资源拼凑行为在创业激情与新创企业绩效之间起到中介作用;（3）失败事件学习正向调节创业激情与创业资源拼凑以及创业资源拼凑与新创企业绩效之间的关系。     

面向创业型经济的政策设计与管理模式研究

立足于国际、国内创业型经济发展的态势,在深入分析我国发展创业型经济的主要问题的基础上,探索创业型经济发展的内在演化规律,对创业型经济的发展与管理模式、创业政策框架以及政策工具的选择进行深入研究,希望通过创业经济生态体系的构建,能够促进这一全新经济形态的在我国的健康发展。     

On industrial knowledge bases,commercial opportunities and global innovation network linkages

It is commonly argued that we are witnessing a shift from global production networks, driven by the search for markets and lower cost production sites, to global innovation networks (GINs), driven by the search for knowledge. This paper explores how sources of behavioural differentiation derived from the literature on industrial knowledge bases and technological regimes condition the degree of involvement in international innovation collaboration. We find this to be significantly influenced by the nature of knowledge and the cumulativeness of knowledge development, the active use of measures to protect intellectual property, the inherent need to innovate and the opportunity to generate sales from this activity. The likelihood that the firm establishes and maintains a truly global network configuration is influenced accordingly.     

Knowledge base combinations and firm growth

The link between knowledge and firm growth has been a core topic in economics of innovation for a long time. However, despite strong theoretical arguments, empirical evidence remains inconclusive. One important reason for this conundrum may be the failure of standard indicators to capture firm innovation activities comprehensively. We contribute to overcoming this limitation by looking in the knowledge processes that drive variegated forms of innovation and aim thereby to establish a solid relationship with firm growth in more detail. Our arguments draw on the differentiated knowledge base approach, distinguishing between analytical, synthetic, and symbolic knowledge. We measure the three types of knowledge bases with detailed longitudinal linked-employer-employee micro-data from Sweden. Econometric findings based on a very large sample of small and medium-sized firms indicate significantly positive effects of the three knowledge types, and in particular combinations thereof, on firm growth. In addition, we show that not only high-growth but also slow-growth firms benefit immensely from the use of combinatory knowledge bases. We find evidence on a curvilinear relation between knowledge bases and growth of firms. Beyond certain thresholds increasing the knowledge bases further results in decreasing firm growth. Our results remain robust in a wide range of specifications and econometric models.     

影响跨国知识转移效能的因素研究:以在华进行跨国创业企业为例

知识跨国转移是跨国创业企业获得战略性知识资源的一种重要方式,然而知识的跨国有效转移却是相当复杂和困难的。本文在国内外相关研究文献基础上提供一个关于影响跨国知识转移效能的元分析框架来对这个问题进行分析,并通过对选择在华进行跨国创业的167家企业为样本进行实证研究。结果发现,来自组织层面的有关因素(比如知识战略与组织间信任)是影响跨国知识转移有效性的重要因素。并从管理实践角度为跨国知识转移企业和有关政策制定部门提供一定的建议。     

The roles of gamification,knowledge creation,and entrepreneurial orientation towards firm performance

In a highly competitive industry, it has been a best practice that dynamic capabilities guide technology firms to cope with challenging situations. Meanwhile, knowledge creation enables the firm to condition the success and continuity of innovations, entrepreneurial orientation to support companies in winning the competition, and gamification to engage employees in a collaborative way towards better firm performance. This study examines how technology companies can improve their performance using gamification, knowledge creation, and entrepreneurial orientation. To test the proposed model, we collected data using a questionnaire survey of 124 technology companies in Indonesia. The theoretical model used structural equation modeling (SEM) with SmartPLS 3. The results show that all constructs have a direct and positive relationship, except for the direct relationship between gamification and firm performance. Thus, entrepreneurial orientation and knowledge creation are essential components of technology companies that mediate the effect of gamification on firm performance. This study provides a theoretical and empirical basis for the antecedents of technological firm performance.     

Local entrepreneurial ecosystems as configural narratives: A new way of seeing and evaluating antecedents and outcomes

This paper develops and applies a new evaluative approach to local entrepreneuriale cosystems, as configural narratives. We examine how configurations of local entrepreneurial ecosystem attributes, as evaluated by local experts, support or hinder the emergence of new and innovative firms. Drawing on sociology of place, we present a novel configurational comparative analysis of local experts' evaluation of their ecosystems in Chile. Our proposed approach to entrepreneurial ecosystems helps us uncover two counterintuitive findings and so elaborateon interferences that have not yet been addressed through conventional concepts, methods and data. First, we reveal three distinct ecosystem types explaining different local levels of new firm activity: Active self-propelled, Indulged and Passive self-absorbed. The internal composition of these types change when only innovative and high growth firms are taken into consideration. Second, we show why, when seen as configural narratives, ecosystem attributes that have been assumed necessary play only a peripheral role. Our study demonstrates a split picture against seemingly similar outcomes and homogenous local contexts, contributing to the advancement of entrepreneurial ecosystem theory, observation and assessment.     

国外创业研究新进展

创业研究已经取得了突破性进展,但对其合法性问题仍争论不休。文章利用知识图谱的分析方法,以Web of Science数据库收录的全部创业研究文献为分析对象,制作了文献共引和关键词共现知识图谱,分析了创业研究领域的主要理论、研究主题及其变化趋势。研究结论包括两个方面:(1)创业研究应用的理论比较丰富,但已向创业机会为核心的理论框架整合;创业研究的三大分支(国际创业、公司创业和创业活动产生条件)已经形成了相对稳定和独立的理论基础。(2)创业研究的主题仍比较分散,主要以创新为核心,但对创业机会的关注度不高;从关键词的发展变化趋势上看,社会创业、公司创业和创业机会等将成为未来创业研究的重要主题。     

归因倾向与知识转化模式对创业失败者后续创业意向的影响

基于成败归因倾向与知识转化模式理论,构建失败归因、经验-知识转化模式、后续创业意向关系模型,对珠三角地区有创业失败经历的创业者展开调研。研究发现:有创业失败经历的创业者的内部性归因、可控性归因对其后续创业意向有显著正向影响,稳定性归因对其后续创业意向提升并无显著作用;失败归因均能促进探索式和利用式知识转化,但只有探索式知识转化在失败归因与后续创业意向间起显著正向中介作用,利用式知识转化的中介作用不明显。     

制度复杂性、创业导向与创新型创业———一个基于跨国案例的组态分析

创新型创业是实现经济高质量发展的重要引擎,如何提升创新型创业水平是中国亟待解决的重要问题。基于制度复杂性和创业导向理论,本文提出了探究创新型创业驱动路径的整合性分析框架,并且采用模糊集定性比较分析方法对全球50个经济体进行组态分析。研究发现：(1)政府政策、金融资本、创业教育、创业文化、风险承担性和创新性,均不是产生高创新型创业的必要条件,但加强创业教育对高创新型创业的产生发挥着较普适的作用。(2)3条路径可以产生高创新型创业,包括政府主导下的教育驱动型、政府与文化助力下的资本-教育-风险承担驱动型和文化主导下的资本与教育驱动型,不同路径代表着不同经济体高创新型创业的多重实现方式。(3)5条路径导致非高创新型创业,并且与产生高创新型创业的路径存在非对称关系。本文的研究结论有助于揭示多因素并发影响创新型创业的复杂因果机制,深化对制度复杂性的认识,并为提升中国创新型创业水平提供有益的政策启示。     

Who commercialises research at Swedish universities and why?

European universities have been increasingly pressured since the late 1990s to make a more visible contribution to economic development. This policy interest has produced an increasing focus on knowledge transfer generally, and more specifically on measures to promote a research culture which values patenting and firm formation. This paper presents results from an interview study of academic faculty views on knowledge transfer and commercialisation at five public universities in Sweden. Our results show that, despite the retention of inventor ownership at Swedish universities, there is a high degree of knowledge transfer of all kinds. The overriding driver of entrepreneurial behaviour among faculty appears to be the low level of direct funding for research in universities. We find that attitudes to firm formation vary from positive to ambivalent, and that faculty from the humanities and social sciences engage in a higher level of entrepreneurial and policy adaptive behaviour than they report. We conclude that faculty at Swedish universities perceive the role of public servant and entrepreneurial academic as conflicting. This perceived conflict may be one reason for reluctance to report instances of commercialisation of research.