英美法系对价原则的矛盾性及其解读

对价原则作为英美契约法的效力基石,其主要功能是判断非正式允诺是否具有强制力.然而,对价原则自身在概念、功能、内容等方面均存在一定的矛盾性,体现为概念是否具有可确定的矛盾、对价的积极功能与消极功能之间的矛盾、具体规则之例外情形大量出现的矛盾.究其原因是,看待问题的视角不同、关键内核把握不同、历史发展规律和逻辑使然等.     

罗尔斯：作为正义论的契约理论

近年来学术界对于公平与效率正在进行多学科综合研究和多角度分析透视。西方思想史上的契约论可被视为这一研究课题的萌芽。罗尔斯的正义论是非常值得关注的思想。本从契约论的提出、订立契约的方式、契约的实现等三个层次对其中的基本观点作了阐述和评析，指出该思想有很大的合理性，但相对与马克思主义创始人表现出的唯物史观的基本方法则逊色很多。     

《正义论》中社会契约探析

契约论作为一种论证方法曾一度沉寂，罗尔斯却在当代又复活了它。与近代契约论相比．罗尔斯的新契约论具有更高的抽象性、非历史性、非现实性。作为论证方法的新契约论，其合理性招致了来自各方的批判。尽管社会契约作为一种论证方式还是必要的，然而对罗尔斯在处理契约与“原初状态”和“无知之幕”之间的关系上应慎思。     

法律契约论的历史发展及当代意义

古往今来,无数睿智圣哲对法律到底从何而来,有多种解说。如神源论、圣贤论、强者论、国家意志论、契约论等等。随着社会的发展和人们认识能力的提升,现在绝对相信神源论和圣贤论的思想家已经罕见了,公开主张强者论的学者也已经不多了。现代社会中人们更多的是从意志论和契约论的角度解析法律。然而,细究起来,这两种妙论,背后隐含的价值取向是存在相当差距的。本文在详细研究了法律契约论历史发展的基础上,进一步提出和论证:在遵循与时俱进精神的前提下,以中国社会发展大势和不可逆转的法治进程为导向,以法律契约论代法律意志论乃是时代和历史的必然选择,法律契约论在当代具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

动结式的宾语前置状况的分析

配价语法引入汉语后,动结式的配价研究也逐渐深入。根据动结式所带论元,可以分为一价动结式、二价动结式以及三价动结式。近些年随着动结式配价研究的发展,动结式的配位方式也开始受到关注。文章分析动结式的带宾情况及宾语前置的条件,在讨论二价、三价动结式后带宾语通例的基础上,得出动结式在三种情况下宾语往往前置的结论。     

合理对价水平:维护中小投资者利益

随着股权分置改革进程的加快,对价支付应该被持续关注。能否完善股权分置改革政策和合理对价水平,不仅是继续做好股权分置改革工作的基础,也必将影响广大公众投资者对市场的信心与热情。在任何时候,我国资本市场都要坚决维护中小投资者的利益,如果偏离这一指导思想,拥有再多的国有资产,改革和建设都将功亏一篑。     

契约法的经济功能——基于不完全契约理论的视角

传统法学一般从矫正正义分配的视角解读契约法的经济功能,这只不过是契约法价值的外在表现和客观要求,并不是契约法的价值目标,契约法的价值目标是通过对造成不完全因素的矫正来鼓励和促进交易。从不完全契约理论的视角审视契约法的经济功能,将对法学中契约法的研究以及契约立法提供新的思路。     

波洛克与19世纪英美契约法

契约法的基本精神在19世纪发生了根本变革,契约理论中原有的道德、德性等概念被清除。具体到英美契约法,被清除的是在背后束缚着意志自治与契约自由的家长式道德考虑,这一进程伴随着英国司法改革、法学教育改革以及整个英美法学术传统的转变。作为英美普通法学家中的杰出一员,波洛克通过《契约法原理》及其他相关著作中对"允诺中心论"的创建与对契约法进行体系化的尝试,为英美契约法在19世纪的发展作出了自己的独特贡献,并且在对《契约法原理》的不断修订中,突出了"合理预期"在"允诺中心论"中的地位,顺应了契约法在后古典时代的发展趋势。     

中国古代契约法律制度初探

中国古代社会存在着相对发达的契约法律制度,形成了一些独特的契约法原则,其中主要有当事人合意原则、诚实信用原则和符合法律、道德与习惯原则。古代契约法的原则是中国古代契约具体法律规范的基础性原理和契约活动的决定性规则,促进了当时社会民事法律关系的安全和稳定。同时,在上述原则的指导下,中国古代契约在订立和履行方面也形成了独特的制度和规范。     

解析契约正义的演进——兼论强制缔约的产生

契约正义是契约法律的基本理念,通过对其发展过程的了解,可以明晰契约法发展理念的变迁,进而洞悉其未来的发展方向。现代契约法以表现为契约自由的规制,体现根本的契约正义。强制缔约就是在这一前提下诞生的。本文分析了强制缔约的内涵,及与契约正义的联系,以期对其有一个根本的认识。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

库克斯顿城堡

城堡, 是欧洲典型的建筑之一, 每个城堡都有一个美丽的传说或是一段历史。从本期开始, 我们将推出“城堡之旅”, 带各位读者去浏览、观赏欧洲各地的城堡, 开始一段文化与历史的旅途!     

胡主席在印度,我却在中国

Today, Sunday morning, I sit thinking and typing at my computer. My thoughts are in my homeland, India and my body is in China. The body is here and mind there for a good reason. Mr. Hu is president and I am resident and both are in each other's countries (what a difference the absence of one small letter makes!). Mr. Hu will return in a few days and I will stay on longer.