论案例教学的基本理念

案例教学是一种具有先进理念支撑的教学模式和策略。文章从教学目标、教学内容、教学过程、学习方式及教学评价几方面阐述了案例教学的基本理念,以期有利于更全面地认清案例教学的价值,为在教育教学实践中具体运用案例教学提供理论依据。     

The Role of Referent Indicators in Tests of Measurement Invariance

Confirmatory factor analytic tests of measurement invariance (MI) require a referent indicator (RI) for model identification. Although the assumption that the RI is perfectly invariant across groups is acknowledged as problematic, the literature provides relatively little guidance for researchers to identify the conditions under which the practice is appropriate. Using simulated data, this study examined the effects of RI selection on both scale- and item-level MI tests. Results indicated that while inappropriate RI selection has little effect on the accuracy of conclusions drawn from scale-level tests of metric invariance, poor RI choice can produce very misleading results for item-level tests. As a result, group comparisons under conditions of partial invariance are highly susceptible to problems associated with poor RI choice.     

Population Invariance in Equating and Linking: Concept and History

The concept of invariance in equating and linking is traced from the 1950s to the present. A number of research studies that examined population invariance are reviewed. Theory and research suggest that linkings other than equatings are population dependent. Theory also indicates that equatings are population dependent, although when test forms are built to detailed tables of content and statistical specifications and alternate forms are very similar to one another, the research suggests that equatings might be approximately population invariant. Suggestions are made about further research that should be conducted on methodology for examining population invariance and on empirical research to better understand the conditions under which equatings are sufficiently population invariant for practical purposes.     

It Matters: Reference Indicator Selection in Measurement Invariance Tests

Conventional approaches for selecting a reference indicator (RI) could lead to misleading results in testing for measurement invariance (MI). Several newer quantitative methods have been available for more rigorous RI selection. However, it is still unknown how well these methods perform in terms of correctly identifying a truly invariant item to be an RI. Thus, Study 1 was designed to address this issue in various conditions using simulated data. As a follow-up, Study 2 further investigated the advantages/disadvantages of using RI-based approaches for MI testing in comparison with non-RI-based approaches. Altogether, the two studies provided a solid examination on how RI matters in MI tests. In addition, a large sample of real-world data was used to empirically compare the uses of the RI selection methods as well as the RI-based and non-RI-based approaches for MI testing. In the end, we offered a discussion on all these methods, followed by suggestions and recommendations for applied researchers.     

The Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale: Measurement Invariance Over Gender

This study examined the extent of measurement invariance of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale responses (BPNES; Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006) across male (n = 716) and female (n = 1,147) exercise participants. BPNES responses from exercise participants attending private fitness centers (n = 1,012) and community exercise programs (n = 851) were used. The 3-factor BPNES confirmatory factor analysis model, discriminant validity, and scale reliability were supported for both male and female participants separately. The multisample models supported the configural invariance, partial metric invariance, partial measurement error invariance, and partial scalar invariance of the BPNES responses across gender. Both male and female participants attached the same meaning to the constructs assessed by the BPNES items. The BPNES score invariance properties support tests of the needs universality hypothesis offered by self-determination theory across gender in exercise and meaningful comparison of the autonomy, competence, and relatedness construct latent means across gender.     

The Chain and Post-Stratification Methods for Observed-Score Equating: Their Relationship to Population Invariance

The Non-Equivalent-groups Anchor Test (NEAT) design has been in wide use since at least the early 1940s. It involves two populations of test takers, P and Q, and makes use of an anchor test to link them. Two linking methods used for NEAT designs are those (a) based on chain equating and (b) that use the anchor test to post-stratify the distributions of the two operational test scores to a common population (i.e., Tucker equating and frequency estimation). We show that, under different sets of assumptions, both methods are observed score equating methods and we give conditions under which the methods give identical results. In addition, we develop analogues of the Dorans and Holland (2000) RMSD measures of population invariance of equating methods for the NEAT design for both chain and post-stratification equating methods.     

Power and Precision in Confirmatory Factor Analytic Tests of Measurement Invariance

This study investigates the effects of sample size, factor overdetermination, and communality on the precision of factor loading estimates and the power of the likelihood ratio test of factorial invariance in multigroup confirmatory factor analysis. Although sample sizes are typically thought to be the primary determinant of precision and power, the degree of factor overdetermination and the level of indicator communalities also play important roles. Based on these findings, no single rule of thumb regarding the ratio of sample size to number of indicators can ensure adequate power to detect a lack of measurement invariance.     

格语法理论在基础英语教学中的应用

美国语言学家菲尔墨的格语法理论及其发展的框架网络在英语教学中的应用极为广泛.菲尔墨的研究不是以外语教学为目的,但格语法的一些原则及研究成果可以应用到日常的外语教学活动中,可以从一个新的视角解决学生在英语学习中经常出现的问题.菲尔墨的格语法、格框架、场景和透视及基于框架语义学基础上的网络框架的发展对基础英语教学极具启发价值.     

教育学课程案例教学的基本理论问题研究

案例教学在教育学领域的有效应用必须以对其基本理论问题的科学、全面、深入地认识为前提。本文从案例及案例教学的界定入手,阐明了教育学案例及其案例教学的基本含义,论述了案例教学的理论基础,阐述了教育学课程的案例教学策略。     

线性表在Visual Basic中的实现

线性表是软件设计中最常用的一种数据结构．本丈对线性表及特殊线性表(栈和队列)进行分析和阐述,并用 Visual Basic实现其基本操作．     

Gauss—Markov结构下GM估计关于线性变换的不变性

在文[1]的基础上讨论了Gauss—Markov结构下线性变换对GM估计所产生的偏差,并减弱了文[1]的相关条件,给出了同一可估函数的GM估计具有不变性的充分必要条件．     

Sample Invariance of the Structural Equation Model and the Item Response Model: A Case Study

The sample invariance of item discrimination statistics is evaluated in this case study using real data. The hypothesized superiority of the item response model (IRM) is tested against structural equation modeling (SEM) for responses to the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale. Responses from 10 random samples of 500 people were drawn from a base sample of 6,621 participants across gender, age, and different health groups. Hierarchical tests of multiple-group structural equation models indicated statistically significant differences exist in item regressions across contrast groups. Although the IRM item discrimination estimates were most stable in all conditions of this case study, additional research on the precision of individual scores and possible item bias is required to support the validity of either model for scoring the CES-D. The SEM approach to examining between-group differences holds promise for any field where heterogeneous populations are assessed and important consequences arise from score interpretations.     

An NCME Instructional Module on Population Invariance in Linking and Equating

A goal for any linking or equating of two or more tests is that the linking function be invariant to the population used in conducting the linking or equating. Violations of population invariance in linking and equating jeopardize the fairness and validity of test scores, and pose particular problems for test‐based accountability programs that require schools, districts, and states to report annual progress on academic indicators disaggregated by demographic group membership. This instructional module provides a comprehensive overview of population invariance in linking and equating and the relevant methodology developed for evaluating violations of invariance. A numeric example is used to illustrate the comparative properties of available methods, and important considerations for evaluating population invariance in linking and equating are presented.     

基础理论批判：泛法治主义

在依法治国的大背景下,泛法治主义在我国已呈一种发展的态势,但这种将法律视为至高无上的利器,甚至是第二个上帝的想法无疑是违背历史发展的趋势的。我们在法律的应用上要宽严相济,在适当的领域放权给法律之外的调控手段,掌握法治的“度”。     

基础教育阶段网络作业与在线考试的现状分析

在国家层面,把教育信息化纳入国家信息化发展整体战略、基本建成覆盖城乡各级各类学校的数字化教育服务体系,是本次<国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要>的改革创新点.网络作业与在线考试的技术与实施正是教育信息化进程中的一个组成部分.基于此,本文结合课题研究和有关调研,就网络作业与在线考试的技术与实施的研究现状做些分析,提出存在的主要问题,并就实施中需要注意的问题提供一定的参考.     

Comparisons of Three Empirical Methods for Partial Factorial Invariance: Forward,Backward, and Factor-Ratio Tests

When factorial invariance is violated, a possible first step in locating the source of violation(s) might be to pursue partial factorial invariance (PFI). Two commonly used methods for PFI are sequential use of the modification index (backward MI method) and the factor-ratio test. In this study, we propose a simple forward method using the confidence interval (forward CI method). We compare the performances of the aforementioned 3 methods under various simulated PFI conditions. Results indicate that the forward CI method using 99% CIs has the highest perfect recovery rates and the lowest Type I error rates. A performance that is competitive with this is that produced by the backward method with the more conservative criterion (MI = 6.635). Consistently delivering the poorest performance, regardless of the chosen confidence level, was the factor-ratio test. Also discussed are the work’s contribution, implications, and limitations.     

社会主义社会基本矛盾理论与社会主义改革

改革作为巩固和发展社会主义的一个重要途径,已成为实现社会主义现代化的强国之路,成为坚持党在社会主义初级阶段的基本路线的重要内容。毛泽东、邓小平在探索“什么是社会主义,怎样建设社会主义”这一历史性课题时,都把改革看作是社会主义的内在要求。深入研究毛泽东、邓小平在社会主义改革理论方面的继承和发展关系,对于我们深入理解和把握邓小平理论,推进和深化我国社会主义的改革,实现社会主义现代化的伟业有着重要的实践指导意义。一、社会主义社会基本矛盾科学概念的确立,深刻揭示了社会主义社会的发展动力生产资料私有制的社会主义改…     

规范理论和基础物理学的几何化

现代物理学有三大研究纲领：（1）引力场的几何化纲领;（2）量子场论纲领;（3）规范场论纲领则可以看作上述两个纲领的整合。按照几何化纲领,爱因斯坦的引力场和引力相互作用可以通过黎曼几何的弯曲空间来表征,作为时间、空间和事物的共同基础的是世界结构的几何的观念。按照量子场论纲领,量子场是第一性的实在,粒子是派生的,场量子可以产生或湮没,相互作用表现为场的局域耦合和场量子的传播。引力场论、黎曼几何所涉及的是宏观的外部空间;而量子场论所涉及的是微观的内部空间。杨振宁的规范场论则把表现相互作用的外部空间与内部空间整合了起来,这在几何上表现为“纤维丛空间”。规范场的几何化,与引力场的几何化存在着十分恰当的对应关系,是更具有普遍意义的,它意味着整个基础物理学可以几何化。     

中国特色社会主义理论体系的基本原理研究

中国特色社会主义理论体系内容十分丰富,从思想武装和加强研究的角度,有必要在其基础上概括出中国特色社会主义理论体系的基本原理。这个基本原理可以定义为中国特色社会主义发展规律的理论概括,它包括中国社会主义发展规律、中国社会主义现代化发展模式、中国社会主义核心价值体系、中国特色社会主义理论的发展规律四个方面。