Drawing the lines—By the numbers: The statistical foundations of the electoral process

The Constitution establishes that the apportionment of the U.S. House of Representatives shall be based upon an enumeration of the population. Every 10 years, the Bureau of the Census conducts that enumeration, and using the Method of Equal Proportions designated by the Congress, furnishes to the President the number of Representatives to which each state is entitled. “Rules of residence” have been developed to determine who should be counted and where persons should be counted in the census.Following the 1970 census, because of the Supreme Court's decisions requiring population equality in districts used for electoral purposes, census data became vital to the redistricting processes carried out by the individual states. The Congress enacted Public Law 94–171 which authorized the Bureau of the Census to make special preparations for the provision of redistricting data needed by the 50 states. The 1980 program established by the Census Bureau enabled state redistricting to be accomplished far more smoothly than in the 1970s. The Census Bureau is already working with the states on its 1990 program, an essential element of which is based upon its plan to provide block data for the entire country.     

Plans and issues facing the 1990 decennial census

Planning for the 1990 census has been underway for some time and many important decisions must be made in the near future. In making these decisions, the Census Bureau will be guided by six criteria or goals, which are described in this article. The article also discusses current Census Bureau thinking in several specific areas: (1) automation, which is the key to completing the census in a timely manner; (2) basic methodology, which will likely be—possibly with modifications—the mail-out/mailback method used in the 1980 census; and (3) content, where the Census Bureau's challenge is to balance the needs for data against the need to keep questionnaire length reasonable. Other issues discussed are personnel management, outreach and publicity, and adjustment and coverage improvement. The article also describes the process the Census Bureau is using to get ideas to plan the census.     

Making decennial census data available

Data from the 1980 census were published in printed reports, computer tape files, and microfiche. This article discusses the various attributes of these media, how they came into their current forms, and the mechanisms in place to help these products reach the people who need them. The article closes with some speculations as to what may be in store for users of data from the 1990 census.     

基于WoS数据库的馆际互借与文献传递研究综述

[目的/意义]整体把握馆际互借和文献传递发展脉络,探索馆际互借和文献传递的未来发展趋势。[方法/过程]以WoS核心合集作为统计源,采用文献计量学方法对国外馆际互借与文献传递研究文献的发文时间、国家与地区、机构与作者、发表刊物等进行统计分析;利用HisCite和CiteSpace筛选出重要相关文献,在对其进行阅读归纳的基础上,进行馆际互借研究的发展脉胳与主题分析。[结果/结论]馆际互借可分为传统馆际互借时期（20世纪80年代以前）、馆际互借研究迅速发展期（1980-1990年）、文献传递快速上升期（1990-2000年）、动态发展期（2000-2016年）4个阶段,未来馆际互借员角色应更加多样化。     

Historical perspectives on the decennial census

A brief review of the American census begins with the framers of the Constitution assembled in Philadelphia in 1787. When the delegates agreed on State representation in the Senate and proportional representation in the House, they wrote a census clause into the Constitution to ensure periodic adjustments. During the nineteenth century, the volume of census questions increased dramatically, provoking criticisms of census accuracy and calls for a permanent Census Bureau, established in 1902. In recent times, major innovations in census work have improved accuracy and timeliness, along with more popular interest in the enumeration. For the 1980 census, many people wanted to help set the stage for the census, and most people want to be counted, continuing the best traditions of 200 years.     

Using technology intelligently: the decennial information age

In an effort to reduce the problem of undercounting and, in general, to deliver as complete a census as possible, the Bureau has incorporated several technological advances for Census 2000. As a result, a significant portion of the costs are those associated with the use of technology. However, the Bureau is convinced these costs will be well worth it in terms of the operations that will be made more efficient and effective as a result of the technological advances. To accomplish the goals set forth in the Bureau’s operational plan, the Bureau is always looking at ways in which it can improve the speed and quality of the census and yet limit the number of manual, repetitive, human resource-intensive operations. In addition, these technological advances are focused on reducing the differential undercount for Census 2000. This article addresses some of the technological strategies the Census Bureau, hereinafter referred to as “the Bureau,” will be incorporating in the data collection processing and tabulating operations for Census 2000. Given the time and presentation limitations of this article, not every advance in technology is addressed. However, this article addresses seven major program or system areas that will be significantly affected by the implementation of advanced technology. The seven areas highlighted are: • Data Capture System 2000; m• Internet Data Collection/Internet Questionnaire Assistance; m• Telephone Questionnaire Assistance; • Coverage Edit Follow-Up; m• Data Access and Dissemination; m• American Factfinder; and m• Data Products Production.     

三十余年来馆员继续教育研究述评

关于馆员继续教育研究,20世纪80年代是产生和萌芽阶段。20世纪90年代,馆员继续教育的研究成果相对成熟。2000年以后至今的研究成果仅仅是前一阶段的低水平重复。究其原因,一是馆员继续教育得不到重视;二是引进国外先进理论、经验不够;三是继续教育的法制不健全。参考文献34。     

The challenge of census taking in developing countries

This paper describes the new and inexpensive technologies that have been developed at the U.S. Bureau of the Census in order to assist in data processing of census results in developing countries. The process of U.S. technical assistance in this field is described. The authors then consider differences and similarities in processing and producing census data. The article concludes with a discussion of the available technologies, including microcomputing software developed for the 1990 census round.     

PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARD DATA SHARING BY FEDERAL AGENCIES

Because of the high cost of the 1990 census and the continuedundercoverage of some population subgroups, it has been suggestedthat administrative records be used to supplement or replaceconventional census-taking activities. Very little informationexists concerning public knowledge and attitudes on this topic.The most extensive information to date comes from questionsasked on several IRS surveys of taxpayers. In late 1993 an opportunitypresented itself to add a small number of questions about datasharing to national telephone surveys conducted by the WisconsinLetters and Sciences Survey Center. Here we report on an analysisof these data.     

Something for Everyone:

Librarians and other information providers face a new dilemma with the 1990 Census of Population and Housing. Not only must we adjust to the changes decennial censures usually bring, but we are also faced with much of it being in a new technological format. This article will present an overview of the 1990 census and its many components, including data products, format availability, and the many ways the census data are used.     

Native Americans and the U.S. Census: A brief historical survey

This article traces the history of the enumeration of American Indians by the U.S. Census Bureau and its predecessors. It considers the social and political background of the census and the reasons that Native Americans were not counted by the census until 1890. It also examines the changes in the enumeration and definition of Native Americans—key concepts needed to provide effective reference service for users of Census Bureau data.     

Implementing PDA technology in a medical library: experiences in a hospital library and an academic medical center library

Personal digital assistants (PDAs) have grown from being a novelty in the late 1990s to an essential tool for healthcare professionals in the 2000s. This paper describes the experiences of a librarian who implemented PDA technology first in a hospital library, and then at an academic medical center library. It focuses on the role of the library in supporting PDA technology and resources. Included are programmatic issues such as training for library staff and clinicians, and technical issues such as Palm and Windows operating systems. This model could be used in either a hospital or academic health sciences library.     

我国档案机构评估历史与现状、存在的问题及原因分析

我国档案机构评估实践经历了20世纪80年代的档案管理升级、20世纪90年代的档案目标管理、21世纪初期的档案事业综合评估三个阶段。通过对档案机构评估历史和现状的分析,发现我国档案机构评估存在评估主体过于单一、评估客体“一刀切”、评估内容的科学性受到质疑、评估运行机制不规范、评估数字化建设滞后和法制化建设缺失等问题,并分析了产生这些问题的根源。     

Myth or reality: The absence of evangelical Christian fiction titles in the public libraries of the United States

With the emergence of evangelical Christian popular culture, debate persists about whether public libraries in the United States are purchasing evangelical Christian fiction. This study examines the presence or absence of best-selling evangelical Christian fiction titles from 1990 to 1999 in public libraries in comparison with the presence or absence of mainstream fiction bestsellers from the same period. Public libraries of some states purchase more evangelical fiction titles than others, and the proportion of evangelical fiction titles relative to total fiction titles also varies widely from state to state, and from census region to census region. Using data on the percentage of total religious adherents and evangelical adherents, variously defined, in states and census regions of the United States, a series of indexes was developed to rank states according to the proportion of their evangelical fiction titles in public libraries relative to the percentage of their evangelical population. In addition, there was a statistically significant relationship between the proportion of evangelical adherents in a state and the proportion of evangelical fiction titles held as a percentage of total fiction titles in public libraries, even when total expenditures for books and per capita expenditures were controlled for.     

Plans for census 2000

This article generally describes the decade-long intensive effort to mobilize stakeholders, staff, and resources for planning and executing Census 2000. As with previous censuses, the goals of this effort are to achieve greater accuracy and cost containment while inviting the widest public participation in census history. This account emphasizes the research, design, development, and operational testing required to count each person in the United States, Puerto Rico, and the island areas of the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. It also discusses the impact of the U.S. Supreme Court decision concerning the use of sampling for Congressional apportionment.     

Cost analysis of the LIBRIS II automated acquisitions system at the university of Texas at Dallas library

The costs of using the LIBRIS automated acquisitions system at the University of Texas at Dallas Library are analyzed for three fiscal years during the mid-1980s. Expenditures are tabulated for the monthly fee, equipment rental, unit charges, communications and supplies, while the division between fixed and variable costs is calculated. The top-down method is used to determine the average cost per order. The paper concludes that because the incremental costs of additional orders is always less than the average cost per order, LIBRIS becomes more cost effective at higher levels of ordering.     

FROM FEAR OF TELEVISION TO FEAR FOR TELEVISION

New media technologies are often met with political and public ambivalence, as they are perceived to threaten established activities, values and institutions, as well as bring progress and improve political, cultural and social life. Taking the Norwegian history of television as an empirical case study, this article relates to an international research agenda focusing on the cultural political debates in the early phases of broadcast media. The article is structured according to five key conjunctures where significant new media and technologies were introduced with corresponding political debates: the introduction of television (1940s–1950s), of colour television (1960s–1970s), of satellite, cable and commercial television (1980s), of digital distribution (1990s–2000s) and the expansion of television to new platforms (2000s). The article addresses the key arguments and dividing lines in these political debates, as well as the change in the perception of television when the medium is no longer new, but has become an integrated part of people's everyday life.     

Promoting U.S. census data in an academic environment: opportunities and challenges.

"The library at Montana State University, Bozeman...has undertaken structured efforts to promote wider use of census data [in CD-ROM format] among the university community. Several workshops and instructional sessions are described...[and] handouts for some sessions are included. These...activities are described in the context of budgetary and service issues faced by libraries providing access to census data in electronic formats....The success of these efforts is assessed, and libraries' response to new expectations for service is also discussed."