外语动机时间性研究——英语学习者动机变化个案研究

外语动机学的研究经历了社会心理学研究阶段和认知情景模式阶段，近几年则是以Eǒrnyei为代表的过程导向模式下的外语动机时间性、动态性为特征的研究。文章就外语动机变化情况对一名在英国留学的硕士研究生进行访谈，初步检测了外语动机时间性的特征，希望该个案研究能为中国的外语动机研究提供一些有价值的参考依据，并有利于深入研究有效的外语学习动机策略来保护和维持外语学习这一漫长的过程。     

Perceived learning in three MOOCs targeting attitudinal change

Massive open online courses (MOOCs) have gained significant attention in recent years for their potential to impact education at a global scale. This paper presents the findings from a study that examined the cases of three MOOCs, including Human Trafficking, US Food System, and Animal Behavior and Welfare, that were specifically designed to effect attitudinal change in its participants, specifically focusing on the three aspects of attitudinal change, cognitive, affective and behavioral as well as general learning. The study examined learners’ perceptions of attitudinal change, including according to the MOOC they took, the instructional method utilized, and the influence of attitudinal components on each other. The findings from this research provide a number of implications that could be helpful for understanding instruction and instructional design of MOOCs, particularly those MOOCs addressing attitude change.     

Personality,Intelligence Components and Foreign Language Attainment

Approximately 1200 children from the Irish Republic were tested for various intelligence abilities, attainment in Irish (taught as a second language), personality traits of psychoticism, neuroticism and extroversion and attitude to learning foreign languages. Females had a significantly higher N score and had a significantly more positive attitude towards learning second languages and males had a significantly higher P score. The personality measures were not strongly related to the cognitive measures; anxiety, for example, does not appear to have an adverse effect on performance. There were low but positive correlations between attitude towards foreign language learning and the total score obtained in the Irish test. It is suggested that individuals have a more positive attitude towards subjects they are good at; hence the attitude could be influenced by innate ability. Attitude towards learning foreign languages also had low but significant correlations with some of the other cognitive tests, e.g. the English Spelling and Verbal Fluency tests. The results were very similar for both the primary and secondary school children. Age does not appear to influence personality measures during this period of childhood and adolescence.     

A STUDY OF THE VALIDITY OF SELF-REPORTED MEASURES OF ACADEMIC GROWTH

This study was undertaken to examine the relationship between self-reported and pre-post measures of academic growth. Self-reported and pre-post measures were obtained in three areas, simple cognitive, complex cognitive, and attitudinal. The subjects were 162 graduate students enrolled in six different graduate courses. Partial correlations relating self-reported measures of growth to posttest performance on measures of achievement (simple and complex cognitive)and attitude, controlling for pretest performance indicated that self-reported measures of academic growth were primarily related to growth in attitudes toward the subject matter of a course.     

共情中的认知调节和情绪分享过程及其关系

共情是在区分自我和他人的基础上对他人情绪的体验和理解,共情既是一种人格特质,也是一种心理过程。共情的结构和功能是近年来发展心理学、比较心理学、社会心理学和认知神经科学等多个领域的研究焦点之一。共情不是一个单维的心理结构,而是包含着自下而上的情绪分享过程和自上而下的认知调节过程。情绪分享过程是刺激驱动的自动化的过程,而认知调节过程会对情绪分享过程产生调节作用,两个过程既彼此独立又互相作用,以确保个体社会适应的灵活性。两个过程的不平衡可能会导致社会适应问题,甚至引发心理疾病。     

Primary assessment activity and learner perceptions of attitude change in four MOOCs

This study seeks to examine perceptions of attitudinal change in relation to the primary assessment activity within four Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) that were designed for attitudinal learning. The purpose of this study was twofold. First, we sought to understand if by focusing on assessing cognitive learning (quizzes) as opposed to behavioral learning (personal projects), the courses would result in greater reported attitude change in the respective areas. The second component of the study examined whether learners who identified cognitive learning (quizzes) as opposed to behavioral learning (personal projects) as the most impactful learning activity (or vice versa) reported stronger learning in the respective attitudinal component. Using an author-created survey that included learner reported attitudinal learning, perceptions of attitude change were collected. Results revealed that learners who utilized assessment activities focusing on behavioral learning did not report higher perceptions of behavioral learning. In contrast, learners utilizing assessment activities that focused on cognitive learning did report higher perceptions of cognitive learning. We conclude with a discussion of instructional design and facilitation of learning in MOOCs, as well as instruction for attitudinal learning within open-learning environments.     

研究生创新能力特征及与人格、思维认知的关系

为了解研究生创新能力及与人格、思维的关系,论文以《硕士研究生创新能力调查问卷》《艾森克人格问卷简式量表中国版》《学生认知风格问卷》为工具,抽取贵州省、陕西省两地520名硕士生.结果发现,硕士生创新能力总体处于中等及以上水平,人格特质均高于国内常模,思维认知得分均显著高于理论中值.男女生在创新思维能力和学术创新能力存在显著差异.不同学科的研究生在学术创新能力方面有显著差异.除知识结构,陕西省与贵州省的研究生创新能力得分均有显著差异.创新能力、人格与思维认知之间存在一定的关联,神经质、内外倾,言语表象、直觉-分析、思维内外倾是影响创新能力的主要因素.     

Interpersonal Behavior,Laboratory Learning Environments,and Student Outcomes in Senior Biology Classes

The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between students' perceptions of their biology teachers' interpersonal behavior and their laboratory learning environments and their attitudinal, achievement, and performance outcomes. A sample of 489 students from 28 senior biology classes in eight schools in Tasmania, Australia completed the Questionnaire on Teacher Interaction (QTI) and the Science Laboratory Environment Inventory (SLEI). Responses to two attitude questionnaires, achievement on an external written examination, and performance in laboratory practical tests were used as student outcome measures. Statistical analyses supported the reliability and validity of the QTI and the SLEI when used with senior secondary biology students. We investigated associations between students' perceptions of teacher behavior and their laboratory learning environment with student outcomes, including the unique and common contributions of the QTI and SLEI to variance in student outcomes. Associations with students' perceptions of the learning environment were stronger for the attitudinal outcomes than for the cognitive or practical skills outcomes. Some commonality between the QTI and SLEI scales was found in their contributions to the variance in attitudinal outcomes, but not in their contributions to variance in cognitive and practical skill outcomes. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 37: 26–43, 2000     

The triarchic theory of intelligence and computer-based inquiry learning

Sternberg's (1985) triarchic theory of human intelligence distinguished among three types of intellectual abilities: analytic, creative, and practical. Our study explored the relationships between student abilities and the cognitive and attitudinal outcomes that resulted from student immersion in a computer-based inquiry environment. In particular, we examined outcome variables related to content understanding, problem solving, and science-related attitudes. Results indicated that more practical abilities predicted greater content understanding and transfer of problem-solving skills. High analytic abilities were predictive of content understanding but not transfer of problem-solving skills. High creative abilities predicted problem solving, but were not predictive of performance on content understanding. In terms of science-related attitudes, students who were dominant in practical abilities had significantly more positive posttest attitudes than those dominant in analytic abilities. The results from this study were used to make recommendations regarding design principles used in the subsequent development of computer-based inquiry environments.     

Programmed Instruction for Teaching Anthropology in the Fifth Grade

The effectiveness of an experimental program (EP) in modifying attitudes of principals, teachers, and teacher aides was investigated. Teachers participating in the EP displayed sizable and statistically significant differences in attitudes from those of conventional teachers. These differences reflected EP teachers’ adoption of the EP’s optimism and environmentalistc philosophy regarding the education of disadvantaged children. Attitudes of school principals wherein EP classes were conducted were not systematically influenced. Teacher aides demonstrated significant decrement in attitudinal levels during participation in the EP.     

The Cultivation of Learning Dispositions among First-Generation Disadvantaged Students at a South African University

This article discusses the learning dispositions of first-generation disadvantaged students at a university in South Africa’s Western Cape Province. Based on qualitative data collected over a 2-year period, it focuses on findings from 7 purposively selected students at this university. Utilizing Bourdieu’s concept of habitus and Wacquant’s conceptual elaboration of this concept, the article explores the affective, cognitive, and conative (practices) dimensions of the students’ habitus as interrelated aspects crucial to understanding how they develop their dispositions to learn. The article illustrates how the students’ learning dispositions are produced through the active and strategic exercise of each of these 3 (affective, conative, and cognitive) interrelated embodied dimensions. I argue that understanding these embodied habitus generating practices are crucial for comprehending how they establish effective learning dispositions for successful educational engagement at their university. The significance of this article lies in offering a perspective of first-generation disadvantaged students’ learning dispositions in respect of establishing their educational engagement practices at the university.     

Personality traits and abilities as predictors of academic achievement

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the respective effects of cognitive abilities and personality traits on academic achievement. The subjects were 141 sixth-grade French adolescents (mean age: 12) who took three cognitive tests (g factor, numerical ability, and spatial ability) and answered a personality questionnaire based on the Big Five Model. Path analyses indicated that Openness-intellect had an effect on junior high school achievement in all disciplines, with most effects being indirect ones mediated by verbal achievement (French). Neuroticism-anxiety also had an effect, although not as marked and mainly on mathematics. Personality is complementary to abilities in predicting academic achievement. Possible conceptual extensions and field applications are addressed in the conclusion.     

Correlates of Selected Test-Wiseness Skills

The study investigated personality and aptitude correlates of selected test-wiseness skills. The subjects in the study were 162 students enrolled in a freshman course in a large public university in the southern United States. Test-wiseness skills were measured using a measure of the individual’s ability to utilize deductive reasoning and item cues to correctly answer items. Personality factors were measured using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and aptitude was measured using the American College Test. Statistically significant relationships were found between the predictor variables and test-wiseness scores. Overall, the results suggest that cognitive variables have substantially more power to predict testwiseness scores than do personality variables, and that most of the predictive power of personality variables is also subsumed within the cognitive variables investigated in the study.     

处境不利儿童心理弹性的研究及其教育启示

心理弹性是一种处于逆境中能够克服危险因素,避免发展功能、适应能力、心理健康等方面受损的稳定的人格特质或能力。本文在积极心理健康教育视角下,在对心理弹性内在结构分析的基础上,就处境不利儿童心理弹性的危险性因素与保护性因素等问题进行了探讨,以期为改进处境不利儿童的教育提供依据。     

Temperament and the Cognitive Modifiability of Academically Superior Black Adolescents in South Africa

TEMPERAMENT is characterised as the relatively stable dimension of human functioning, while intelligence is increasingly seen as a dynamic process. This study investigated the relationship between temperament and cognitive modifiability in an academically successful but disadvantaged South African population. For 92 adolescents in the Soweto Gifted Child Programme, the relationship was determined between their ratings on the Teacher Temperament Questionnaire and their performance on the Learning Potential Assessment Device and other measures of cognitive ability and learning. The Task Orientation and Personal‐Social Flexibility temperament dimensions were directly related to learning, academic performance and cognitive change. A more complex relationship was suggested for the Reactivity dimension, in that more intense and reactive subjects tended to perform better in unstimulating situations, while under more facilitative learning conditions, a higher performance level tended to be associated with a lower reactivity level. The findings support the possibility of an interaction between temperament and cognitive growth and demonstrate the usefulness of considering these individual difference variables in combination with each other.     

The effects of an environmental studies course on the defensibility of environmental attitudes

Two different study sites (University of Maryland at College Park and State University College at Buffalo) were examined to see if the completion of an environmental studies course affected the defensibility of environmental attitudes. The general trend was toward a more defensible attitude (one with more informational supports). These observations support a hypothetical connection between the cognitive and affective domain and suggest that after being exposed to environment content, student attitudes should be examined for stronger attitudinal supports rather than large changes in attitudes.     

An Evaluation of Montessori and Day Care Programs for Disadvantaged Children

Abstract

This study compared Montessori and day care compensatory programs for disadvantaged children. Ss in the treatment programs were compared to a disadvantaged control group and an advantaged middle-class control group on eight tests of cognitive skill and on a composite factor score derived from the eight tests as a single summary index. Analysis indicated that treatment differences existed on six of the nine analyses. Both preschool programs were effective in raising levels of performance beyond those of other disadvantaged Ss and both approached middle class levels of performance, yet the treatment groups did not differ from each other.     

Attention in preschoolers: associations with effortful control and motivation

The current study examined how individual differences in children's temperament and motivation relate to attention skills in children from economically disadvantaged families. A total of 73 mother-child dyads participated in this study. Children were between the ages of 3 and 5, and all attended a Head Start program. Using multiple hierarchical regression analyses, the hypotheses that effortful control (an aspect of temperament) and motivation would individually and collectively relate to attention skills were supported. The current study supports the importance of understanding attention as a multifaceted concept (Posner & Petersen, 1990) that relates to cognitive, socioemotional, and motivational systems. The utility of applying a systems approach to school readiness issues in children of poverty is discussed.     

对农民工不公平境遇的社会伦理回应

农民工是介于农民和工人之间的一个社会群体,他们既非纯正的农民又非真正意义上的工人,这决定了这个群体的尴尬境地。农民工受到的不平待遇主要有三:农民工的薪金不能得到及时和足额发放;农民工的子女不能接受正常的教育;农民工的人格受到不同程度的歧视。农民工及其下一代人所遭遇到的不公平现象不是凭空产生的,它有着特殊的历史、社会背景。“农民工”是城乡二元体制的产物。农民工作为当代中国的弱势群体之一,按照社会公正的原则,需要政府及整个社会的关怀和理解,制度公正对于改变农民工地位将是根本性的;农民工契约意识的增强及其所供职的单位的职业伦理的完善将是基础性的;全社会尊重他人人格意识的增强将是持久性的。     

《初中生人格量表》的常模制定——基于大连市6449名初中生的研究

人格是个体在思想、情感和行为上表现出来的稳定模式,作为决定人的典型行为方式的心理系统或动力结构,人格会直接影响到个体在环境变化及其适应过程中的态度、信念、情绪和行为。青少年期是人格发展的重要阶段,开发精确测量青少年人格特点的测量工具对于培养青少年健全人格有重要意义。本研究在质化研究的基础上,构建了初中生人格结构,并以此为框架编制问卷,经过量化研究得到了有较好信、效度的《初中生人格量表》。通过分层随机抽样,在大连市七个区每区选择两所代表性学校,每个学校三个年级(初一、初二、初三)各选取四个班的全体学生。最终样本被试总数为6 449名。研究发现,《初中生人格量表》具有较好的信度和效度。