Cumulative Effects of Parent and Teacher Offered Levels of Facilitative Conditions upon Indices of Student Physical,Emotional, and Intellectual Functioning

Abstract

Eighty fifth-grade students, their past and present teachers (N - 38), and their parents (seventy-six mothers and sixty-nine fathers) participated in this study which examined the relationships between parent and teacher- offered levels of facilitative conditions and indices of student physical, emotional-interpersonal, and intellectual functioning. Levels of facilitative conditions offered by parents and teachers were determined by their levels of communication and discrimination. Student levels of functioning were measured by two indices of physical functioning, (1) height-weight and (2) physical fitness test scores; two indices of emotional functioning, (I) level of communication and (2) level of discrimination; two indices of intellectual functioning, (1) grade-point average (GPA) and (2) achievement test scores ; and one index of creativity-productivity, a 42-item questionnaire concerning student achievements. The results indicated that the cumulative effects of parent and teacher offered levels of facilitative conditions on student functioning were not significant. In one instance the immediate effects were significant.     

All-Inclusive Conceptualization as a Dimension of Trainee Empathic Responding

Investigations into the personality characteristic all-inclusive conceptualization (AIC) indicated that this variable was related to the ability to integrate facilitative interpersonal behaviors. A test of AIC was administered to 28 counseling practicum students who also submitted audiotapes of an initial, middle, and final counseling session. The sessions were rated, using a 5-point Carkhuff scale, as to the level of empathic understanding present. Significant negative correlations were found between scores on the test and rated levels of empathic understanding in each counseling session. The correlations indicated that those trainees who scored higher on the test of AIC offered their clients lower levels of empathic understanding than did their lower scoring colleagues. Implications for this finding are discussed.     

Counselor Candidate Personal Change and the Communication of Facilitative Dimensions

This study related counselor candidates' propensity for personal change prior to training and personal change assessed during training with the level of facilitative dimensions communicated by the candidates after training. As hypothesized, the results showed that candidates who provided higher levels of facilitative dimensions subsequent to training had been more open to personal change prior to training and had experienced more personal change during training than did students who communicated low levels of facilitative dimensions. Explanations of the findings and implications for counselor education are discussed.     

Measures of cognitive structure: Do they assess learning at the level of comprehension?

One purpose of this study was to determine whether cognitive structure, assessed by psychometric measures of concept interrelatedness, can be developed when the students initially do not know what concept relationships exist and what they mean. The second purpose was to apply those measures to a learning situation that has produced a nonspecific transfer effect, i.e., the facilitative effect of concrete examples on learning abstract passages, to attempt to explain this effect more completely. Five groups of 20 students each read two prose passages and took recall and structure assessment tests on the second passage. Results (1) indicated that the nonspecific facilitative transfer effect was replicated and (2) offered some support for the contention that the cognitive structure which proximity measures assess can be trained to correspond to content structure, but that related recall remains low. With resolution of some of the methodological issues surrounding these measures, however, clearer explanation of transfer effects and assessment of higher order learning may be facilitated.     

Adult students' perceptions of good teaching as a function of their conceptions of learning—part 1. influencing the development of self-determination

This study investigated the perceptions of good teaching of adult students. Fifty-three students enrolled in part-time courses in Hong Kong were interviewed about a range of issues concerned with teaching, tutoring and learning. The initial analysis showed that there was no universal view of what constituted good teaching, as approaches preferred by some students resembled those disliked by others. These apparent contradictions were resolved by the recognition that perceptions of teaching quality were framed by conceptions of learning, which were shown to be consistent with a continuum from a reproductive pole to a self-determining one. Each of the four quadrants of the framework represents a conception of learning receiving teaching consistent or inconsistent with it. The quadrant representing self-determining learners receiving consistent facilitative teaching is seen as the goal for adult education to strive for. Didactic teaching was consistent with reproductive conceptions of learning. Teachers faced with predominantly reproductive classes are urged to help in developing greater levels of self-determination by progressively exposing students to forms of teaching requiring active involvement in the learning process, in a supporting environment.     

Early Training Facilitative Level as a Predictor of Practicum Performance

Thirty-two counseling trainees were rated on level of facilitative functioning before and after prepracticum. Evidence is presented that pretraining and early training levels of facilitative functioning are directly related to later performance in practicum.     

Inclusion and Adaptive Instruction in Elementary Education

This article addresses developments in inclusion and adaptive instruction in Dutch elementary schools between 1992-1993 and 1995-1996. Analyses indicate that partnerships between regular and special education schools and school policies on the professional development of teachers were implemented with increasing fidelity. Substantial progress was made with regard to school policies on how to proceed in case of student failure, and the range of special strategies for inclusion that schools offered somewhat increased. The frequency with which teachers used differentiated instruction and adapted the curriculum to meet students' individual needs also increased. However, the frequency with which student progress was monitored decreased slightly. Facilitative measures at the school and regional levels fostered implementation of school-level strategies for inclusion. In turn, school-level strategies for inclusion fostered adaptive instruction at the classroom level to a significant degree. No significant direct relation was found between facilitative measures at the school and regional levels and adaptive instruction at the classroom level.     

The Relation of Level of Facilitative Conditions,Consultant Experience,and Stage of Consultation to Consultees' Perceptions of the Use of Direct Confrontation

Controversy surrounds the use of confrontation in human services consultation. This analogue study investigated the effects of facilitative consultative conditions, consultant experience, and the stage of consultation in which confrontation occurs on consultees' perceptions of the use of direct confrontation. Graduate student participants viewed and then rated the consultants' use of confrontation in 16 videotaped scenarios of a consultation interaction representing combinations of the independent variables (facilitative conditions, consultant experience, and stage of consultation) and containing a consultant-initiated direct confrontation. The study was replicated with a group of undergraduate students taking counseling courses. Results for both groups suggest that facilitative conditions, consultant experience, and the stage of consultation in which confrontation occurs interact in influencing consultees' perceptions of confrontation. Results are discussed in terms of implications for practice and future research efforts.     

Do two heads search better than one? Effects of student collaboration on web search behaviour and search outcomes

This study compared Pairs of students with Single students in web search tasks. The underlying hypothesis was that peer‐to‐peer collaboration encourages students to articulate their thoughts, which in turn has a facilitative effect on the regulation of the search process as well as search outcomes. Both hypotheses were supported by the results. Pairs located the target information more often and in less time than Singles did. Pairs also employed a richer repertoire of search strategies and were more proficient in monitoring and evaluating their search behaviour. Implications of these findings for practice and further research are discussed.     

医学院校高职学生抑郁程度调查与分析

对医学院校某专业高职学生抑郁状况成因进行了调查。此调查主要采用整群抽样法,对高职二年级某专业学生采用抑郁自评量表（self-rating depression scale,简称SDS）进行问卷调查及原因分析。调查显示,学生存在不同程度抑郁,其中男生抑郁明显高于女生,这与以往调查有不同之处。因此,要加强对高职学生的心理健康教育。     

Student Authoritarianism and Teacher Authoritarianism as Factors in the Determination of Student Performance and Attitudes

Recent investigations designed to elucidate the teacher behaviors which are facilitative of positive student attitudes and increased student performance have presented inconsistent results. It is hypothesized that the inconsistency between studies may be due to an interaction between teacher characteristics and student characteristics in the determination of the dependent variables involved. To test this hypothesis, teachers and students in a West Coast high school were administered a revised version of the California F-Scale (a measure of authoritarianism). High- and Low-F groups of both teachers and students were selected, and students’ grades and attitudes toward their teachers were observed. It was found that High-F students exposed to Low-F teachers showed particularly low attitudes toward their teachers and particularly low grades. Data for other combinations of student and teacher characteristics were essentially equivalent.     

双性化人格理论与女大学生职业发展研究

心理学研究表明,双性化人格是一种较佳的心理健康模式,它对女大学生心理健康的促进作用更为明显。造成女大学生就业困难与职业发展阻隔的原因主要有两个方面:自身心理弱势与劳动力市场的性别歧视。通过双性化人格的培养可以最大限度地消除这些不利因素,促进女大学生职业发展。     

Differences in competencies between doctoral students on‐campus and at a distance

Abstract

This article describes differences between on‐campus and distance learners by knowledge, skills, and abilities. On‐campus doctoral students at Texas A&M University were compared with doctoral students enrolled in a distance education program offered jointly with Texas Tech University. Student perceptions of their competency levels were gathered using a mixed mailed/Internet questionnaire. On‐campus and distance education students had different levels of competence. Competency models can serve faculty and administrators as an assessment tool for strategic decision making and development of courses and curricula. This study provides a model for benchmarking competencies and provides baseline data for making such changes.     

The effect of facilitative communication training on teacher response quality

Training designed to enhance facilitative communication between teachers and students is becoming an increasingly important element of teacher training programs. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effect of facilitative communication training on the quality of teacher response to various student problems and to the accompanying emotional states of anger, joy, or depression. The subjects consisted of 64 undergraduate teacher education majors who responded in writing to 15 audiotaped stimulus vignettes. A 5×3×2 repeated measures analysis of variance was used to measure the effects of problem situation, emotional state, and training on empathic understanding. The results indicated significant differences between trained and untrained groups, as well as differences in quality of response due to emotion, with joy eliciting greater empathy than depression or anger. Significant interactions among the variables also were obtained. Implications are discussed in terms of human relations training for teachers.     

Correlates of class attitude toward science

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships of students, teachers, and learning environment variables to science attitude. Data were collected from fourth, seventh, and ninth grade students and their science teachers. Variables found to be consistently related to science attitude of classes at all grade levels were (a) sense of the importance of science, (b) student fatalism, (c) teacher quality, and (d) a host of learning environment variables. Implications for teaching practices and for future research were offered.     

Development and Validation of a Multimedia-based Assessment of Scientific Inquiry Abilities

The potential of computer-based assessments for capturing complex learning outcomes has been discussed; however, relatively little is understood about how to leverage such potential for summative and accountability purposes. The aim of this study is to develop and validate a multimedia-based assessment of scientific inquiry abilities (MASIA) to cover a more comprehensive construct of inquiry abilities and target secondary school students in different grades while this potential is leveraged. We implemented five steps derived from the construct modeling approach to design MASIA. During the implementation, multiple sources of evidence were collected in the steps of pilot testing and Rasch modeling to support the validity of MASIA. Particularly, through the participation of 1,066 8th and 11th graders, MASIA showed satisfactory psychometric properties to discriminate students with different levels of inquiry abilities in 101 items in 29 tasks when Rasch models were applied. Additionally, the Wright map indicated that MASIA offered accurate information about students’ inquiry abilities because of the comparability of the distributions of student abilities and item difficulties. The analysis results also suggested that MASIA offered precise measures of inquiry abilities when the components (questioning, experimenting, analyzing, and explaining) were regarded as a coherent construct. Finally, the increased mean difficulty thresholds of item responses along with three performance levels across all sub-abilities supported the alignment between our scoring rubrics and our inquiry framework. Together with other sources of validity in the pilot testing, the results offered evidence to support the validity of MASIA.     

Effects of Low-level Counselor Functioning on Clients

Three counselors identified as functioning at a low level on basic facilitative skills were paired with both a high- and a low-level functioning client for three sessions. Functioning levels for both counselors and clients were determined by appropriate rating scales. The results indicated negative change in interpersonal functioning levels on the part of high-level clients and no significant change on the part of low-level clients.     

人本主义学习理论对于思想政治教育的借鉴

改革开放的继续深入和信息时代网络的推广、普及，当代大学生的意识形态和思想观念面临强烈冲击。以人本主义学习理论观照当前思想政治教育情景，可以更好地探讨大学生思想政治教育的新方法新途径。     

Loneliness among Students with Blindness and Sighted Students in Jordan: A brief report

This study investigated loneliness among students with blindness and those who are sighted in Jordan, and examined whether loneliness levels vary according to gender. Students included 90 students with blindness and 79 sighted students selected from high schools and universities in the capital city of Amman. The instrument used to collect information in this study was an Arabic translation and adapted version of the UCLA Loneliness Scale developed by Russell in 1996. The results indicated that students with blindness reported significantly higher degrees of loneliness than sighted students; however, no significant differences were attributable to gender or interaction between visual status and gender. The implications of the findings for families and teachers of students with blindness, and for future research in Jordan, are offered.