论效率与公平在初次分配中的两度统一——以对物权法学的研究为切入口

以物权分析为切入口．可确认物权效率与物权公平的静态统一向动态冲突发展,依靠物权社会化的限制,使冲突转化为效率和公平的高层统一。物权制度的两个统一能够代表初次分配中的对立统一。初次分配中社会效率与社会公平的高层面统一．是市场失灵时政府干预的结果．政府限制权利滥用使权利社会化而导致收入分配均衡。效率优先论是“权利本位”的价值理念．关键在于追求什么目标的效率．以牺牲资源环境、他人公平为代价的净货币收入的效率优先不可取;占有规律决定了私人高效率不可能分给穷人“蛋糕”。准确认识效率与公平的两个统一可明晰政府与市场分工。维护社会公平是政府的“良心”。     

两次分配中的公平与效率

传统的认识是初次分配有效率，再次分配有公平。从实际意义上看，两次分配均存在公平和效率。微观上，初次分配社会成本低，再次分配社会成本高；宏观上，初次分配社会成本氤再次分配社会成本低。初次分配决定社会总供给，再次分配决定总需求。两次分配公平与效率的社会保障是加强政府对收入分配的调节职能，完善分配制度，规范分配秩序。     

政府维护社会公平正义职能问题研究

公平正义具有十分丰富的内涵和外延。政府作为国家意志的执行者具有提供公平正义"公共产品"的职责,政府和市场具有各自作用的边界和范围。政府维护社会公平正义职能的主要内容包括确保权利、机会和规则的公平等,其实现路径主要有:确保制度规则和公共政策本身的公平正义性;实现影响社会公平正义制度改革方面的重大突破;完善公共财政制度,实现基本公共服务均等化;深化收入分配制度改革,实现分配领域的公平正义;坚持公正执法,创造公平有序的市场竞争环境;坚持差别原则,体现对弱势群体的政策倾斜和特殊保护;强调代际正义,实现可持续发展。     

对高等教育效率的思考

从社会哲学的角度看，高等教育效率包括高等教育经济效率和社会效率两种结构形式。由于对高等教育效率认识的简单化和窄化，导致我国高等教育效率存在诸多问题：内部效率提高的同时对外部效率的忽视；偏重经济效率，教育民主、教育公平问题突出；文化、道德效率的缺失。要解决以上问题，全面实现高等教育效率，就必须以促进人的发展为核心实现高等教育多方面的效率，变一维思维方式为多维思维方式，营造市场、政府、高校协调互动的环境。     

国外基础教育管理及财政体制改革

发达国家和发展中国家都不同程度地遇到了教育经费不足、经费使用效率不高、教育机会不均、教育质量低等问题。为此，各国政府积极探索改革教育管理及财政体制的有效措施，其中包括：扩大地方政府的教育统筹权；扩大学校的办学自主权；增加家长选择学校的权利和参与学校管理的机会；发展私立教育等。事实证明，政府可以采取多种方式对教育市场进行干预，包括财政、管制和公共设施建设手段，以实现公平、效率、选择和社会凝聚等多项社会目标。     

我国政府在收入分配中的职能分析

中国正处在经济社会转型的关键时期,也是全面建设小康社会的攻坚时期,收入分配不公引发的贫富差距过大问题已经得到了普遍关注,但仅仅关注是不够的,政府必须承担起固有的行政职能.本文提出公平收入分配是政府应当承担的行政职能,分析了政府在公平社会收入中的优势,并从文化职能和社会职能的角度分别指出改革教育模式,增加教育机会均等、规范工资制度和营造公平收入机制是调节居民收入差距的重要对策.     

关于政府职能的再认识

传统政府职能理论的观点已不适合我国经济和社会发展的现实。在新的行政环境中对政府职能内涵应从功能价值取向，经济价值取向，政府价值取向三方面进行界定。以这三种价值作为取向的政府应该具有以下职能：改革，发展，稳定；降低成本与提高效率；维护阶级统治和实现社会公正与公平。     

收入分配：重寻正当性

政府的首要责任依然是，继续致力于构建一种能够形成公平的收入分配秩序的基础性制度架构，它主要包括：统一的全国性劳动力市场，平等的劳资关系及财政民主。     

个人收入分配的新原则--读十六大报告中"初次分配注重效率,再分配注重公平"的思考

从党的十三大到十六大这15年期闻，我国个人收入分配原则随着社会历史条件的变化相应地发生了变化。十三大是“在促进效率提高的前提下体现社会公平”；十四大是“兼顾效率与公平”；十五大是“坚持效率优先，兼顾公平”；十六大则进一步发展为“初次分配注重效率，再分配注重公平”。前几次代表大会较侧重于效率问题，十六大则开始侧重于公平问题。针对十六大报告中这一个人收入分配的新原则，本文重点分析了国民收入的初次分配与再分配这两个分配层次是如何实现收入公平的。注重效率的初次分配有助于社会财富的增长，为收入公平的实现打下物质基础；注重公平的再分配有助于收入差距的缩小，为收入公平的实现提供制度保障。     

论当前我国政府的经济职能

随着我国社会主义市场经济新体制的确立，当前我国政府应承担以下四个方面的经济职能：一是创造和维护市场经济得以发挥功能的条件；二是稳定宏观经济；三是提供基础设施、保护自然环境、控制人口增长；四是促进收入分配平等、提供社会保障。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

Western and Eastern culture differences in commercial field

The communication of people partially is the communication of cultures. Culture has a direct effect on international commercial activities in all aspects. Different conceptions about time, space, equality, law and the like, lead people to deal with things in different ways. So to know cultures of the counterpart is to facil-itate our enterprises so as to have a smooth and successful communication in commercial activity.     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

风的曲线

Rosco and I wait for the fishermen to return.I sit at a wooden bench near the store at Mt.Baker Resort and watch the clouds change shape. Rosco has my belt around his neck and an eight foot tow chain hooked to a tree. Dogs must be on a leash. Ducks and rabbits are loose.     

团图为数的图中的闭团贯数

Given a graph G,a subgraph C is called a clique of G if C is a complete subgraph of G maximal under inclusion and |C|≥2. A clique-transversal set S of G is a set of vertices of G such that S meets all cliques of G. The clique-transversal number, denoted as TC (G), is the minimum cardinality of a clique-transversal set in G. The clique-graph of G, denoted as K (G), is the graph obtained by taking the cliques of G as vertices, and two vertices are adjacent if and only if the corresponding cliques in G have nonempty intersection. Let F be a class of graphs G such that F={G|K(G) is a tree}. In this paper the graphs in F having independent clique-transversal sets are shown and thus TC (G)/|G|≤1/2 for all G ∈ F.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.