Bacteriophage and their roles in biotechnology

Molecular biology has undergone a transformation in the last decade and become important in many biological disciplines. The advent of one aspect, genetic engineering, can be traced back to some elementary work on bacteriophage. The biotechnological exploitation of this research has rather obscured an appreciation of the ecological role of these bacterial parasites. This article attempts to place these two different types of investigations into perspective.     

青年编委的遴选及其在期刊审稿过程中的作用

【目的】 探讨青年编委在提升学术期刊编委会的活力与执行力方面发挥的作用。【方法】 以《航空学报》为例,介绍青年编委的遴选条件、遴选途径与遴选结果。根据青年编委的特点,让其担任稿件初审工作,为稿件质量把关。介绍青年编委初审的工作模式及其在期刊审稿过程中发挥的作用。【结果】 青年编委参与初审工作有利于提高期刊声誉,缩短审稿周期,拓展青年审稿专家数据库,提高编辑工作效率。【结论】 办刊者应摒弃传统遴选编委的思维,组建青年编委会,助力期刊向国际一流期刊迈进。     

Scientists as consultants to industry in a developing country: An analysis of their roles and economic effectiveness

Twenty-six consultant-assisted development projects were studied within the pharmaceutical industry in Israel. They were selected at random; some were successful and some were not. The work of the academic scientific consultants has been closely followed. It was found that their task is more to respond to the problems of management than to introduce new ideas. The academic consultant's main contribution was the transfer of existing published knowledge in a format applicable to practice. In addition, however, the consultant had to supply know-how on and supervision of work carried out within the academic institutions, utilizing the resources of the latter which are much more sophisticated than those of the industry of a developing country. The economic value of consultancy in coupling university and industry is also estimated. It was shown that in a developing country - where the size of the pharmaceutical industry is relatively small - the task of the consultant is more than that of an expert specialist: he is a valuable instrument of communication, information and implementation as well.     

Selected roles of information goods and services in the U.S. national economy

The study examines selected roles of the information sector in the national economy. Among the findings are the following: (1) the information sector conducts relatively little international trade, in comparison to its domestic activity. Roughly 12% of U.S. exports are attributable to the information sector; over 97% of the sector's output is sold within the U.S.; and the sector's exports account for only a small fraction of 1% of GNP. (2) The historical pattern of employment shows that the portion of information workers has risen from 8% of the U.S. work force in 1870 to 41% in 1970. Relatively little of this growth is the result of new technological innovations such as telephones, radio, television and, more recently, computers. Rather, the growth of public and private bureaucracies, which now total 26% of our total work force, largely explains the growth of the sector. (3) Unemployment within the information sector has consistently been lower than in either the manufacturing or agricultural sectors of the national economy. (4) Since 1967, the high technology elements of the information sector, such as electronic components, computers and telecommunications equipment have experienced appreciably less price rise than has the economy as a whole. However, over the same time period, the service elements of the sector, including finance and insurance, education and medical care, have experienced greater rates of inflation than has the economy as a whole.     

学部咨询在国家科技发展中的重大作用

中国科学院学部成立于1955年6月1日,现设数学物理学部、化学部、生命科学和医学部、地学部、信息技术科学部和技术科学部等六个学部。1984年,国务院明确规定学部是“国家在科学技术方面的最高咨询机构”,院士是“国家在科学技术方面的最高荣誉称号”。50多年来,学部始终把为国家建设服务,为社会做贡献作为自己的历史使命,咨询评议工作已逐渐成为学部的主要职能。中国科学院学部的咨询评议工作主要针对国家经济建设、社会发展和国家安全中的重大科学技术问题,同时面向国民经济主战场,接受部门、行业、地方以及国家重要学术机构有关重大科学技…     

Achieving and maintaining important roles in social media

A significant problem common for different domains of applications is an issue of obtaining and keeping an influential position in the respective social media society. In this paper a new approach is proposed based on the analysis of roles of users in groups identified within society. Three different dimensions of user behavior are considered as key elements of these roles: Their activity, influence and cooperativeness/competition. Taking into account measures describing these dimensions, a set of roles characterizing behaviors of users in groups is formulated. We propose an original set of roles with their justification in sociological models, develop an easy extendable model of a social system and conduct experiments to allow us to define patterns describing stability and variability of given roles as well as statistics of transitions in time between these considered roles. To define the roles, we took into account different features of user interactions, both quantitative and qualitative. We propose an integrated approach to the analysis of role changes in the context of group evolution. We consider behavior of users in groups with different sizes and differences between them. We also analyse the stability of individual roles players by users in groups and often occurring transitions between individual roles. The obtained results, interpreted also from the sociological point of view, allow the formulation of general recommendations on which behaviors of users could ensure achieving and maintaining influential roles in social media. The most frequent patterns of transitions between roles are identified and significant similarities between them for two considered blog portals are described. The approaches and methods of analysis presented in the paper may be applied to support decisions leading to obtaining and maintaining influential positions in social media, which may be useful for the promotion of goods and services, leading business or political campaigns.     

Experimental biology and medicine in space

The first manned flights in space were preceded by a considerable programme of biological experiments carried out in the weightless condition of orbiting satellites. Later, these were extended to spacecraft and space stations, and from this has grown a new science of space biology. This article reviews some of the results achieved to date, both in the field of weightlessness and of exposure to heavy-ion particles present in the cosmic radiation of space. They are significant not only for cosmonautics but for many aspects of biology.     

设备维护外包环境下备件的集成管理

阐明了基于供应链的集中采购和集成供应两种重要的管理模式,介绍了基于外包的一种企业组织结构形式———“扩展企业”,分析了设备维护外包环境中备件的供应链的结构;在此基础上提出了一种基于设备维护外包的备件集成管理模式,并且论述了该管理模式的实施要点、优势,以及实施该模式时备件供应链和组成备件供应链的成员企业所面临的挑战。     

Emerging roles for third parties in cyberspace

In `real' space, third partieshave always been useful to facilitatetransactions. With cyberspace opening up, it isto be expected that intermediation will alsodevelop in a virtual fashion. The articlefocuses upon new cyberroles for third partiesthat seem to announce themselves clearly.First, virtualization of the market place haspaved the way for `cybermediaries', who brokerbetween supply and demand of material andinformational goods. Secondly,cybercommunication has created newuncertainties concerning informational securityand privacy. Also, as in real space,transacting supposes some decency with one'spartners. These needs are being addressed byTrusted Third Parties, anonymizers, escrowarrangements, facilitators and externalauditing. Virtual reputation trackingmechanisms are being developed as well.Finally, in order to resolve disputes,mediators and arbitrators have started offeringtheir services online. In the closing sectionthese emerging cyberroles are assessedcritically. It is argued in particular, thatboth cybermediaries and cyberjustice poseserious threats to privacy. Moreover, onlinedispute resolution, as it is practised now,neglects its duties of public accounting.     

The roles of science in technological innovation

One of the central issues in science policy during the past decade has been the extent to which the national levels of expenditure on scientific education and research influence the standard of living. This paper provides empirical evidence to show that the pay-off from this investment in science is more complex and indirect than previously supposed.     

网络信息时代图书情报工作者角色的转换

文章以网络信息时代,图书馆事业发展的需求,谈论图书情报工作者将如何提高自身素质,紧跟时代发展步伐迎接新时期的挑战,对角色的如何转换等问题提出若干可操作性的对策和途径.     

The roles of habit and web site quality in e-commerce

Previous research has primarily examined consumers’ perceived usefulness of web sites and trust in the web retailer as two major predictors of web site use and e-commerce adoption. While the consumers’ repeated behavior in the past (i.e., habit) may contribute to continuance behavior, it has not been investigated. This article includes habit as a primary construct along with perceived usefulness and trust to predict and explain consumers’ continued behavior of using a B2C web site. Additionally, included are several web quality measures as antecedents to trust and perceived usefulness. The research model is evaluated using structural equation modeling. Results show that consumers’ behavioral intentions to continue using a B2C web site are determined by all three key drivers: perceived usefulness, trust, and habit. Furthermore, not all dimensions of web quality have a significant effect on perceived usefulness and trust.