Putting Standardized Tests and Scales to Practical Use in the Rural Schools

ABSTRACT

The authors compared the performance of third-grade students testing on answer sheets with those testing on machine-scored test booklets. The 1,832 students in the nationally representative sample were assigned at the campus level to complete the Stanford Achievement Test Series, Tenth Edition in 1 of 4 conditions: (a) Form A answer sheet, (b) Form A booklet, (c) Form B answer sheet, and (d) Form B booklet. After controlling for scholastic ability, no significant differences in performance on total reading, total mathematics, and total language strands were found between students using booklets and those using answer sheets. The results of this study provide no evidence to support the need to use separate test booklets with general education third-grade students. States may consider using separate answer sheets with these students to realize potential cost and schedule efficiencies.     

The assessment of at-risk infants and toddlers with the Bayley Mental Scale and the Battelle Developmental Inventory: Beyond the data

The purpose of this study was to compare the usefulness of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID)-Mental Scales and the Battelle Developmental Inventory (BDI) in assessing the abilities of infants and toddlers from teen-parent families. The 34 children lived with their mothers, who ranged in age from 15 to 21. The results of the study indicate that these two developmental instruments cannot be used interchangeably and that one needs to look beyond the psychometric data in order to understand the results of infant and toddler assessment. The correlation between the BSID-Mental Development Index (MDI) and BDI Total score was −.03.     

控制县级政府规模的两个途径

目前,在县级政府财政十分吃紧的情况下,必须控制政府的规模。但是,以往的改革主要是通过政府的外延规模来操作的,效果并不明显,因此对县级政府规模的控制要通过外延控制与内涵控制来实现,特别是内涵式控制更具有现实意义。     

以实验为中心考查综合能力

实验过程是培养学生综合能力的最佳途径之一。实验中，会涉及实验方案的设计、实验现象的观察、实验数据的处理、实验结果的分析等环节，可以培养与实验有关的各种能力(观察能力、实验设计能力、实验数据处理能力、实验结果的分析和处理能力)。从中学的物理、化学和生物实验来看，大多数实验涉及到多门学科的知识内容，要解决这些实验问题所需要的能力也是多方面的，所以实验问题本身就是一个综合问题。基于这一点，命题者常常以实验为中心来编制学科间的综合题，从中考查多种能力。     

浅谈“两个尺度”的问题

马克思关于“美的规律”的提法是马克思美学理论中的一段极为重要的论述,然而对于其中“内在的尺度”究属谁的尺度却众说纷纭,本从比较各家译入手,指出问题的症结在于中译词和德原词义不完全对等上,根据中译词词义,则理解为“物种的尺度”和“人的尺度”均无不可,但根据德词义的特定含义,则“内在尺度”只能理解为“物种的尺度”。     

如何培养大学生的体育能力

大学生体育能力，集中反映了大学体育教学的质量，在高校体育教学中，应突破单纯为运动技术教学而教学，加强体育能力的培养，适应现代社会进步的需要。     

工作环境对核子秤与电子皮带秤精确度的影响

文章介绍了计量设备核子秤与电子皮带秤在使用过程中精确度的影响因素及解决方法。     

培养创造性思维能力的一些尝试

创新是社会进步的动力 ,是一个国家强盛的支柱。中学数学新大纲已将创新意识和创造性思维能力的培养列入教学目的之中。下面谈谈本人在教学实践中培养学生创造性思维能力方面的一些尝试。1　激发学习兴趣 ,启迪创新思维在学习中 ,兴趣是一种强烈而持久的动机 ,唯有热爱数学 ,才能有积极而持久的学数学的劲头和攻关精神 ,为培养学习兴趣 ,激发学生的创新思维 ,在教学中应尽量采用现代教学手段来增强新奇感。如学习“圆锥曲线”时可运用多媒体演示太空星球的运动轨迹来引入课题 ;又如可运用实际生活中诸如福利彩票中奖率的分析 ,打桥牌时对牌…     

加强英语口语教学 培养学生交际能力

在英语教学中,加强英语的口语教学,对培养学生的口语交际起着重要作用。教师的口语教学对英语教学也有大的帮助,它能激发学生英语学习的兴趣,调动学生自觉运用口语的积极性,进一步培养学生运用英语进行交际的能力。     

能力型化学实验教学的尝试

从化学教学的实际出发，提出培养学生实践能力的能力型实验教学模式，并从理论和实践两方面进行较为深刻的阐述。     

利用泰勒级数求解一类特殊静电场

本对电磁学中的两带电体所电量相等、符号相反、相隔极近这一类典型问题提出了一种简便的解题方法。以泰勒级数为基础，导出两带电体在场点迭加量所满足的一般公式，对不同的具体问题，满足了求解条件便可直接利用该公式求解，使较复杂的计算问题得到极大的简化。     

Use of flow cytometry to investigate the cytokine response pattern in infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection and bronchiolitis

Objective: To investigate the cytokine response pattern (IL-4/IFN-γ) in infants with RSV infections and bronchiolitis during the acute phase. Methods: Four-color flow cytometry was used to measure intracellular IL-4 and IFN-γ expressions in peripheral blood CD3+ and CD8+ lymphocytes from RSV-infected and bronchiolitis infants. Serum IL-4 and IFN-γ levels were also determined. Results: RSV-infected and bronchiolitis infants showed no statistical differences from not-RSV-infected or pneumonia infants and control in the frequency of IL-4 and IFN-γ expressions in CD3+CD8- lymphocytes, showed no obvious Th1/Th2 imbalance, while IFN-γ was expressed much more frequently in CD3+CD8+ lymphocytes. Systematically, RSV-infected and bronchiolitis infants showed much lower levels of serum IL-4 and IL-4/IFN-γ ratios and much higher serum IFN-γ levels than control. However, there were no statistical differences in the above three indices between RSV-infected and not-RSV infected infants or between bronchiolitis and pneumonia infants, except that bronchiolitis infants had a higher level of serum IFN-γ than pneumonia infants statistically. Conclusions: There is no type-2 cytokine response predominance in the acute phase of RSV infection and bronchiolitis. IL-4 production is suppressed and IFN-γ production upregulated, the latter being most prominent in bronchiolitis infants.     

如何培养大学生自主学习英语的能力

当今社会英语被广泛使用,越来越多的信息通过英语直接传输。学好英语能够直接接受这些信息。本文讲述了在大学阶段如何培养学生英语自主学习的能力,以适应信息社会和终生学习的社会的需要。     

充分利用语言实验室提高学生听说能力

本文就如何充分发挥语言实验室的作用，进行听产教学，提高学生听说能力的问题，进行了探讨、研究。     

浅谈计算机教学中学生创新能力的培养

创造性是人的本质特性之一,是每个人都具有的一种潜在能力。人们的创造性思维和创造潜力的发挥,决不取决于天生生理因素的遗传,更重要的是后天的努力和实践。其中,教育是重要的一环,学校教育应更多地关注学生创新能力培养。文章从四个方面阐述了教师在计算机教学中对学生创新能力的培养:转变教育观念→激发兴趣→传授方式→自主学习。     

Longitudinal predictors of developmental status and social interaction in premature and full-term infants at age two

This investigation involved the longitudinal assessment of 30 mother-preterm and 40 mother-full-term dyads from birth to 2 years of age. Measures of maternal attitudes, maternal perception of the infant, and parental functioning were obtained at 1 and 8 months of infant age. Mother-infant interactions were observed at 4, 8, 12, and 24 months. Infant cognitive, motor, and language development was assessed at 4, 12, and 24 months. Results indicated that by age 2 years, no group differences were apparent on any child development, mother-child interaction, or maternal attitudinal measures; the lone exception was that preterms were significantly poorer in motor skills. This similarity in functioning at age 2 years was in marked contrast to earlier findings of major group differences at 12 months. Correlational and regression analyses indicated that the developmental and social interaction outcomes were predicted by different factors in the two groups; moreover, whereas 40%-60% of the variance in preterm infants' social and cognitive outcomes could be accounted for, only 15%-30% was accounted for in the full-term group. These results are discussed in terms of compensatory mechanisms that may characterize the parenting of high-risk infants, and of the applicability of transactional models of development.