对通识教育有关概念的辨析

通识教育在国际高等教育界一直倍受瞩目,发达国家积累了丰富的实施通识教育的经验,国内一些大学也在进行积极的尝试。虽然目前我国教育界大都赞同在大学(特别是综合性研究型大学)本科实施通识教育,但不论是理论界还是实践界对通识教育及其相关概念的理解不仅不一致,而且很模糊。因此,有必要对通识教育的定义及其与专才教育、自由教育、人文教育、素质教育、专业教育以及通选课和公共课等概念之间的区别和联系进行辨析。     

Developing a taxonomy of science concepts based on a scale of empirical distance

The term ‘concept’ is used in different ways within educational literature and has at least two different, although related, referents in relation to science knowledge, namely, public knowledge and private understandings. A taxonomic structure for ‘science concepts’ (public knowledge) has been developed to provide a rationale for the choice of phenomena to be used in the investigation of students’ ‘concepts’ and also to act as a frame of reference for generating insights about the data to be collected. Furthermore, it may be a useful heuristic to predict other science concepts likely to be highly problematic in school teaching situations and thus worthy of detailed research. The taxonomy, called a ‘Scale of Empirical Distance’ (SED), enables science concepts to be mapped according to their degree of closeness to concrete realities. The scale shows a recognition of the empirical basis of science concepts and the role of human senses in the perception of the material world even though “absolute objectivity of observation is not a possible ideal of science” as Harre (1972) has noted. The scale uses two binary variables, namely, ‘visual’ and ‘tactile’, to generate four categories of science concepts ranging on a continuum from concrete to abstract. Some concepts related to ‘matter’ will be classified and discussed. Specializations: science teacher education, primary science curriculum and methods, students’ personal meanings of phenomena.     

Methodological challenges in researching threshold concepts: a comparative analysis of three projects

Threshold concepts were introduced nearly 10 years ago by Ray Land and Jan Meyer. This work has spawned four international conferences and hundreds of papers. Although the idea has clearly gained traction in higher education, this sub-field does not yet have a fully fledged research methodology or a strong critical discourse about methodology. This paper seeks to begin such a dialogue by analysing three projects carried out by the authors, each focused broadly on identifying and understanding threshold concepts in engineering. Each of the projects used interviews with students and academics, but differed in six main ways that seem to make a difference to the research outcomes. This paper considers the gaps in the research and why they matter, briefly outlines the methods used in each of the three case study projects, and then discusses differences in project goals, researchers’ backgrounds, curricular context, participants’ experiences, negotiated or independent knowledge and degree of comprehensiveness sought in the studies. The implications of these six differences are explored. The authors argue that research in this sub-field of higher education pedagogical research needs to be clearer and more explicit about the methods that are used They conclude that the field would benefit from bringing together researchers who have been developing complementary research methods to compare and contrast these approaches and to develop more rigorous protocols for research on threshold concepts.     

集中度分析:定量分析中学生学习力学概念时的认知模式

FCI(力的概念测试)是检测学生力学概念的一种有效工具．但是传统的分析通常只看学生的平均分，这就忽视了学生选择错误答案的分布中存在的重要信息．本文介绍了一种定量分析方法——集中度分析法，利用选项的集中程度来分析学生的认知模式，并且对北京市某所中学高一学生的FCI测试数据，进行了集中度分析，揭示了中学生学习力学概念时的认知模式，为教学中采用有针对性的教学策略提供了依据．     

层次分析法在建筑工地火灾危险性分析中的应用

针对目前建筑工地火灾频发的现状,为提高建筑工地整体的消防安全水平,本文结合建筑工地火灾特点及其实际情况,应用层次分析法(AHP),对建筑工地消防安全进行定量分析,建立建筑工地火灾危险性评价指标体系,确定体系中各层次、各指标的相对权重,并针对分析结果提出相应的整改措施,如加强建筑工地火源电源的管控,坚持落实每日防火巡查制度,按时维护消防设施等。本文的研究成果能够为工地火灾防控工作提供一定的参考,减少此类火灾的发生。     

Implicit psychological concepts in architects' knowledge — How large is a large room?

Architects create environments for human behaviour. Therefore they need — in addition to technical and design knowledge — some sort of “psychological” knowledge of the effects of their planning decisions on the occupant. The structure of this knowledge, which is only touched upon during architectural training, is the subject of an empirical study. Experts (experienced architects) and novices (students of architecture in their first or second year) were asked to judge the quality of the floor-plan layout of a four-room flat under three different conditions. From the expert-novice comparison, it is possible to gain insight into how professional experience shapes the knowledge of occupant needs and occupant behaviour. The results show remarkably few differences between the two groups. One possible reason lies in the special structure of architectural practice, which, due to a lack of feedback, makes it difficult to accumulate knowledge by evaluating experience.     

Heat and Temperature: an analysis of how these concepts are dealt with in textbooks

Despite the fact that textbooks are primarily directed at students, research has shown that teachers are heavily reliant and dependent on them. On the other hand, there is some empirical evidence that textbook presentation of science content may lack accuracy and strengthen some alternative conceptions on their users. Besides, it seems that textbooks are not always in agreement with the results of educational research, namely in regard to teaching approaches. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to analyse how 9th grade Portuguese physics textbooks deal with heat and temperature, in order to see whether or not they are adequate sources of information for students and teachers. Eleven 9th grade textbooks are analysed with regard to ideas included, correctness of concepts and arguments, global teaching approach, learning activities (nature, diversity, level of investigation, etc.). The results indicate that the majority of the textbooks are hardly consistent with modem perspectives for science education.     

老年人健身观念聚类分析

利用计算机软件对辽宁省朝阳市老年人的健身观念的有关数据进行统计分析，旨在研究老年人的健身观念，为老年人提供更多的健身场所，营造全社会尊重、理解、关心和帮助老年人的舆论氛围与社会环境。     

A new statistical procedure for the analysis of hierarchy validation data

Conclusion The likelihood ratio test is a powerful and soundly based statistical procedure which can be applied to the White and Clark model without introducingad hoc approximations or assumptions. Since use of this test often leads to different decisions than those reached using the procedure suggested by White and Clark, it is recommended that it be used in future hierarchy validation studies.     

生物学概念的教学策略探析

概念是客观事物本质属性在人脑中的反映，是一种理性认识，人们正是依赖概念的这种性质而展开思维和行动的。从一定意义上说，学生学习知识主要是掌握概念和由概念组成的系统。学生技能的形成是以掌握概念和规则为基础的，规则中包含了概念，一条规则总是由若干概念通过一定关系构成的。生物学概念是中学生物学科知识的重要组成部分，     

普通院校的模糊系统聚类分析

为了对地方高等院校作科学分类,利用模糊聚类方法,对泉州5所高等院校的办学条件、管理水平,教学改革和教育质量进行调查分析后进行分类。根据模糊等价关系,这种方法能够根据阈值的不同,将学校分成若干个类别,据此作为教育教学评价的依据。     

回溯推理的一般模式究竟应该是怎样的？——兼与张学立先生商榷

从因果理论和人们的回溯推理实践考察可知,回溯推理根据的是结果与原因的确定联系,要获得正确结论,关键在于毫无遗漏地列举与已知事件相关的可能原因和正确地排除非现实原因。根据这一原理可以给出回溯推理的正确模式。反过来,正确模式对人们的推理实践有启示和指导意义。