为什么"不应甘当‘教书匠’"?

笔者在《上海教育科研》(2004年12期)上写了一篇题为《甘当“教书匠”》的文章,华东师范大学的阎亚军先生对此种说法颇有意见,针对性地写了一篇《不应甘当“教书匠”》(《上海教育科研》2005年第4期)。考虑到是非越辩越清,真理越辩越明,还是想与阎先生再进行一点商榷。     

创造性培养应寓于学科教育之中

创造性的培养寓于学科教育之中,除了学生创造性地学和精选教学内容以外,还有教师创造性地教,即将创造性思维渗透在学科内容的教学中．作者提出了开放式的施教模式,主要包括向学科前沿开放,向教科书外开放,向课堂外开放,向学生开放,评价标准的多元化等。     

Child abuse: The role of a consultant psychiatrist in a specialist institution

This paper is based on the experience of a consultant psychiatrist in a child abuse agency. Working with abusing families produces high levels of anxiety in the staff and conflicts over role are particularly strongly felt. These processes, as they affected the consultant psychiatrist and a staff group, were used to try to understand the anxiety and conflicts of the client families. The split between consultant and psychiatrist, between caregiver and authority figure, between parent and child, had to be acknowledged and accepted before the staff could work more effectively. Abusing families benefit from the range of skills offered by a multidisciplinary team. But the stresses for individual staff members working with these emotional, damaged, demanding, difficult families, can at times appear to be increased by the multidisciplinary team with its diversity of views. In the light of experience so far, it seems that work on the conflicts and anxiety needs to be part of a continuing process of staff development. Some of the difficulties for the consultant psychiatrist in such an institution are also discussed.     

Why students need to be prepared to cooperate: a cooperative nudge in statistics learning at university

Despite the potential benefits of cooperative learning at university, its implementation is challenging. Here, we propose a theory-based 90-min intervention with 185 first-year psychology students in the challenging domain of statistics, consisting of an exercise phase and an individual learning post-test. We compared three conditions that manipulated the exercise phase: individual work, cooperative dyadic instructions (structuring three basic components of cooperative learning: positive goal interdependence, individual responsibility and promotive interactions) and cooperative dyadic interactions (the three basic components with an additional cooperative nudge, namely explaining why and how to cooperate in this task) in order to test whether a progressive increase in benefits occurs as the cooperative structure is reinforced. Results indicated a linear trend in individual post-test learning and competence perception, from individual work to cooperative instructions to cooperative interactions. Competence perception mediated the effect of experimental conditions on learning. The results highlight the benefits of the cooperative nudge.     

Axiomatics as a paradigm for structuring subject matter

A comprehensive model of instruction should include as one component a representation of the instructional subject matter. In order to represent subject matter a theory for structuring subject matter is required. A general theory for structuring and describing such structures is provided herein. Subject matter structure is composed of two components: content and tasks. The theory presented to structure content is based on the paradigm of axiomatics. Content elements consist of Primary Notions, Secondary Notions, Basic Principles and Established Principles. Two relationships, “used in the formulation of” and “used to establish,” provided the basic structure relating these Constituents. Coordinating relations associate task subsets with content constituents. Task subsets provide the theoretical analog to criterion tests. The notion of dependency is introduced and investigated briefly. Also, a method is provided for developing the complete set of dependency relationships for content constituents. Three examples are provided to further clarify the theoretical model.     

Avoiding an Intolerant Society: Why respect of difference may not be the best approach

The building and maintaining of a tolerant society requires both a general policy of toleration on the behalf of the state, as well as a minimal number of acts of intolerance by individual citizens towards their fellow citizens. It is this second area of citizen-citizen relations that is of most interest for education policy. There are those who argue that the best way to achieve a tolerant society is by encouraging, or even requiring, the respect and appreciation of difference amongst a citizenry. In this paper I argue that using education to encourage the respect and appreciation of difference is deeply problematic for both adults and children. I argue that it is a poor servant of those whose differences it is meant to protect, and crucially that it cannot be justified on the key liberal premise of protecting the freedom of individuals to live their (non-harming) lives as they see fit. I conclude by putting forward the educational alternative of respecting the basic rights of citizens irrespective of your view of their differences.     

高考定语从句热点分析

定语从句是同学们普遍感到难学的一个知识点,也是高考的一个考点和热点。定语在汉语和英语中的位置存在较为显著的差别,同学们学习定语从句时,常常在理解和掌握上存在较大的困难。本期文章另辟蹊径,分析高考定语从句的热点,把握定语从句的三要素,归纳定语从句与易混句型的区别,希望能对同学们掌握定语从句有所帮助。     

Should religious education be a compulsory school subject?

Britain is an increasingly secular society, yet religious education is a compulsory school subject. Is its compulsory status justifiable? Religious education was made compulsory in 1944 partly so as to support the moral values underlying democracy. This civic justification faded after the war, but even today one official justification of religious education is in terms of moral education. Another has to do with understanding and respecting other religions and beliefs. This essay examines both justifications and concludes that neither is strong enough to support the continued existence of religious education as a separate, compulsory subject. The same verdict is passed on a third justification, based on a recommended switch in the content of religious education classes to the critical analysis of religious claims.     

Reading intervention need not be negligible: Response to Cossu (1999)

The treatment effects of a reading intervention study by Hatcher, Hulme and Ellis (1994) have been described as unstable (Cossu 1999) and to be evidence that reading-delayed children are impervious to intervention. Data are presented to show that, in this study, the combined reading and phonological awareness training group (R+P) made greater progress in learning to read than the Reading alone (R) and Phonological awareness alone (P) groups in addition to that of the unseen control group (C). Group R+P also exhibited effect sizes of 1.1 to 2.6 for accuracy, and 1.3 to 1.6 for comprehension, some nine months after the intervention had ceased. These data affirm the stability of the treatment effect, the Sound Linkage hypothesis and the effectiveness of comprehensive and well-structured intervention programmes.     

Interactive development of subject matter in the mathematics classroom

There are considerable differences among mathematics teachers with regard to the quatlity of their way of developing mathematical knowledge in the classroom. Such differences are analysed. To develop mathematical meaning requires both a consistent presentation of the mathematical symbols and of the referential meaning of these symbols with respect to the given task. On the basis of this conception we assume that the quality of teaching will differ according to how teachers cope with the relation between these two sides of meaning. From a sample of 26 teachers, an expert teacher and a non-expert teacher were selected by means of classroom observation with scales of instructional quality variables. For each of these two teachers, two lessons introducing probability (sixth grade) are analysed. For this purpose, teacher and student contributions are coded. For the expert teacher, graphic visualizations of the development of mathematical concepts across time show soft transitions between the different aspects of mathematical meaning. These transitions are made possible by a consistent explication of the relation between formal symbols and the given mathematical task. In the case of the other teacher, explication of the relationship between the object side and the symbol side of mathematical meaning is much rarer, and there are sudden switches from one aspect of meaning to another. Further differences concern the handling of student contributions.We gratefully acknowledge the help of Wolfgang Barz, Regina Dietrich and Claudia Krüger with recording, transcribing or coding lessons. For their comments on draft versions of the paper the authors thank Deborah Ball, Jere Brophy, Willibald Dörfler, Alexander Gruza and two anonymous reviewers.