Parental Involvement and Educational Achievement

Parental involvement is seen as an important strategy for the advancement of the quality of education. The ultimate objective of this is to expand the social and cognitive capacities of pupils. In addition, special attention is paid to the children of low‐educated and ethnic minority parents. Various forms of both parental and school‐initiated involvement are examined. On the one hand, the connections between a number of characteristics of parents and schools such as the social and ethnic background of the parents and the composition of the school population will be examined. On the other hand, the connections between a number of outcome measures such as the language and mathematics skills of the pupils will be examined. Data will be drawn from the large‐scale Dutch PRIMA (primary education) cohort study, which contains information on more than 500 schools and 12,000 pupils in the last year of primary school and their parents. An important finding is that predominantly schools with numerous minority pupils appear to provide a considerable amount of extra effort with respect to parental involvement, but that a direct effect of such involvement cannot be demonstrated.     

Race,Categorisation and Educational Achievement

This paper is concerned with the ways in which terms and categories are deployed in analyses and discussions of differences in educational achievement between social groups whose identity is usually specified in terms of ‘race’ or ‘ethnicity’. The first part of the paper is didactic, and discusses problems with the use of ‘racial’ terms with respect to social, biological and legal discourse. The second part of the paper examines the consequences of categorisation for analyses of differences in educational achievement, with particular reference to a paper by Mackintosh & Mascie‐Taylor, on which the Swann Committee claims to have relied heavily.     

朱永新的学术研究成就与新教育实验

朱永新是我国改革开放新时期涌现的一位颇具影响的教育家,他通过20多年的不懈奋斗,开创了心理学史和教育思想史等学术领域研究的新路子,取得了令人瞩目的突破性成就。同时,在引领新教育实验方面,取得了显著进展。     

元作业监控训练促进学生学业成绩提高的实验研究

作业是学生主动学习的重要环节,学习效果与学生作业意识、作业自我监控等尤为相关!笔者结合课题研究,运用教育与心理研究方法进行了元作业监控的实验研究.     

High Educational Expectations and Low Achievement: Stability of Educational Goals Across Adolescence

Abstract

Data from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 were used to investigate variables that predicted stability of adolescents' postsecondary educational expectations from Grade 8 to 2 years after high school. The study included students who had early expectations for at least a bachelor's degree as well as 8th-grade reading or mathematics test scores that were below the median. All participants had high early expectations and comparatively low early achievement. Six years later, approximately 76% of the participants still had high expectations, whereas 24% of them no longer expected to earn a bachelor's degree. Results provide support for the addition of variables to the social cognitive model of educational achievement when predicting long-term educational expectations and attainment.     

Educational Achievement and the Disadvantage Factor: Empirical evidence

This study examines the relationship between social background factors and educational achievements. It draws on unique data from London LEAs. The paper illustrates detail analysis on levels of disadvantage in schools and the complexities of judging school performance including discussion on the potential of z-score indicators to measure the levels of deprivation in urban area schools. Overall, the findings from the empirical evidence suggests that there is a strong relationship between disadvantage and examination success, with LEAs located in non-deprived areas tending to obtain higher percentages 5 + A*-C good GCSE passes. Further analysis of the relationship between pupils background and school achievement also confirmed, by and large, that schools with a higher number of disadvantaged families do less well than schools where, a small proportion of their pupils come from disadvantaged families. The paper concluded that uncontextualised performance table is fundamentally flawed and argued for the need to compare like with like and move beyond league table approaches of comparing schools. Policy implications are highlighted as well as practical suggestions.     

The Complex Model of Television Viewing and Educational Achievement

Abstract

Six studies containing data obtained from over 1 million students in elementary, intermediate, and high school were meta-analyzed to examine the relationship between amount of television viewing and educational achievement. The findings led to the formulation of the complex viewing—achievement model. According to the model, the function relating achievement to viewing can be described as an inverted check mark. For small amounts of viewing, achievement increased with viewing, but as viewing increased beyond a certain point, achievement decreased. That function was found for each of the 3 ages studied, but optimal viewing time—the apex of the function—was different at each age and decreased with the age of the students.     

成就目标定向理论及其教育启示

成就目标定向理论是近年来动机领域研究的热点问题之一,Dweek(1978)在一项关于小学生对待学业任务失败的研究中,提出成就目标定向(achievementgoalorientation)的两种方式:学习目标定向(learninggoalorientation)与成绩目标定向(performancegoalorientation)。这一新的范式改变了早期研究中将认知与动机分离的局面,成为社会认知取向在动机研究领域中的前沿性课题。     

The Surprisingly Modest Relationship Between SES and Educational Achievement

Measures of socioeconomic status (SES) are routinely used in analyses of achievement data to increase statistical power, statistically control for the effects of SES, and enhance causality arguments under the premise that the SES-achievement relationship is moderate to strong. Empirical evidence characterizing the strength of the SES-achievement relationship and its moderators suggests that this relationship is surprisingly modest, with an average SES-achievement correlation of .22, although it appears to have strengthened in the past 3 decades. The modest SES-achievement relationship has important implications for using SES measures in educational data analyses. We provide evidence of this relationship and of the need to use theoretical models to guide the construction and selection of SES measures in analyses of achievement data.     

Ethnicity,Forms of Capital,and Educational Achievement

Bourdieu's cultural capital thesis is an attempt to explain how social class influences the transmission of educational inequality. In this article, the question of the extent to which various forms of capital also apply to ethnic minorities stands central. On the basis of Dutch and American research findings, a model is formulated and empirically tested with the aid of data from the Dutch Primary Education cohort study. Students from four ethnic groups are included: Dutch, Surinamese, Turkish, and Moroccan. The main variables are language and math test scores, socio-economic milieu, and a number of capital indicators, including financial resources, linguistic resources, parental reading behavior, and educational resources within the family. The results show no mediating effect of resources within the various ethnic groups. The findings also suggest that in research and practice it is relevant to not treat ethnic groups as one homogenous group, but to differentiate between the various groups.     

Problems and Issues in Translating International Educational Achievement Tests

The article reviews research and findings on problems and issues faced when translating international academic achievement tests. The purpose is to draw attention to the problems, to help to develop the procedures followed when translating the tests, and to provide suggestions for further research. The problems concentrate on the following: the unique and demanding purpose of the translation task, the partly contradictory task specifications and translation instructions, the indecision as to whether to produce one or two target versions, the indecision as to whether to use one or two source versions, inadequate revision and verification, deficient translator competences, and a lack of time. To solve the problems, the article suggests the following: ensuring that the translation guidelines provide a right, unequivocal, and balanced picture of the purpose of the translation task; ensuring the equivalence of the two source versions; putting more emphasis on revision, and ensuring that the verification is sufficiently thorough; using only qualified translators, providing them with training in test translation, and including also subject matter and testing specialists in the translation teams; and allotting sufficient time to the translation work. However, the main lesson from the review is that more research in the field is badly needed.     

Improving Malay Educational Achievement in Singapore: Problems and Policies

This article traces the development since 1959 of various policies aimed at upgrading Malay educational achievement in order to close the socio-economic gap between the Malay and non-Malay communities in Singapore. It analyses the various economic and political factors that have shaped policy decisions. Several recurrent themes in official discourse on the Malays' educational problems are highlighted, along with the tensions inherent in these policies. The article concludes by discussing the extension of the strategies initiated in the 1980s to encompass the economically disadvantaged sections of the Indian and Chinese communities as well.     

成就情境中回避失败行为及教育实践对策

回避失败行为是指在成就情境中为了减少和避免失败对自我价值的威胁而采取的策略与行为,包括自我价值保护行为、自我妨碍、冒充者忧虑、拖延行为、防御性悲观等。回避失败策略的运用与行为为成就设置了障碍,并会导致非成就性人格的形成。情境因素是影响回避失败行为养成的主要因素,对回避失败个体应采取有效的预防和干预措施。     

The Educational Achievement of Pupils in Differentiated and Undifferentiated Groups

Responses on a Likert-type instrument, the Eight College Professors (Form B), from 664 education juniors and seniors in five small colleges were analyzed to examine the preferential rankings given four types of social science professors as an instructor. While some suggestive variations were observed, the overall order of preference was Teacher—Socialite—Researcher—Administrator (the least preferred) . This was in contrast to earlier findings on university students who placed Researcher ahead of Socialite. Female professors were consistently less preferred to male professors by college students of both sexes.     

教育成本计量探讨

教育成本是为使受教育者接受教育所耗费的资源的价值， 教育成本数据是对有关各方都有重要价值的信息， 有必要进行计量。教育成本的计量方法有三类： 统计调查、利用现有会计资料转换计算和成本核算。从计量的主体看，教育成本有社会成本、学校成本和个人成本之分。学校的功能是提供教育服务， 所以学校教育成本就是提供教育服务的成本。只有与提供教育有关的支出才可以计入教育成本， 其他如学生的补贴、学校附属机构的支出等与教学无关的支出不能计入教育成本