倾听边缘的声音,关注女生的成长——我国维吾尔族女童教育的访谈研究

维吾尔族女童教育研究是有关性别公平教育和民族教育研究的重要课题.我们对维族女生进行了访谈研究,旨在了解她们自身教育的主体经验、理想追求和性别观.通过对女童话语的解读,展现了维族女童教育的发展与问题,揭示了西方已有性别研究的局限性,表达了女童教育的本体价值,反映了女童自身积极平等的性别观,提出了女生的学业成功和在校成功对于教育平等与公平的重要意义.     

后脱贫时代民族地区教育扶贫的困境与优化策略

教育是促进民族地区经济社会发展与个体生活质量改善的重要力量。在后脱贫时代,探求民族地区教育扶贫现状有助于优化教育的社会功能与民生功能。民族地区教育扶贫面临与经济社会发展欠协调、民族文化内生力量被忽略、民生改善主体性待提升等现实困境。民族地区教育扶贫的困境源于教育扶贫目标窄化、教育扶贫制度不健全、学校教育职能单一、地方课程开发与实施不力。注重教育扶贫的民生价值取向,转变教育扶贫政策重心,优化学校教育类型结构,加强培养民族成员的文化主体性,是推进民族地区教育扶贫的现实策略。     

Education and poverty reduction in Tanzania

This paper reviews research on the returns to education in Tanzania, both financial and non-financial, and considers whether these returns translate into poverty reduction. It looks at reasons why achievement of high primary enrolment rates in the past did not lead to the realisation of the associated developmental outcomes, considering factors both within and beyond the education system. Achieving mass access at the expense of quality appears to have had a negative impact on equality. The poverty reduction potential of current programmes to develop the primary and secondary education systems are discussed in the light of past experience.     

我国教育信息化推进精准扶贫的行动方向与逻辑

为全面建成小康社会,打赢脱贫攻坚战,“十三五”规划提出了“精准扶贫、精准脱贫”这一新时期扶贫脱贫工作新理念,且明确指出教育扶贫是扶贫开发新阶段的主要路径和措施。教育扶贫的目标为两大方面：一是对扶贫对象进行经济资助,二是为贫困对象在学习上提供支持。实现这两大目标,教育扶贫必将向教育精准扶贫转变,而教育信息化为此提供了重要的行动方向和逻辑,即以信息化促进教育扶贫对象精准、项目精准、资源配置精准、过程监控精准、成效评估精准、贫困地区教师培训精准。因此,信息化促进教育精准扶贫路径探索,重点是贫困地区的教育信息化平台建设,关键是发挥教育数据与各级扶贫系统数据的整合效用,形成全方位的教育精准扶贫数据网,以数据驱动教育精准扶贫,实现大数据的支撑价值。江西省上饶市政府的“互联网+教育精准扶贫”解决方案实践,为贫困地区提供了一套低成本、低门槛、便利连通、资源共享、迭代升级简单快捷的信息化促进教育精准扶贫的有效经验。     

The role of cash transfers in maximising schools’ protective effects for children in extreme settings: An ecological approach

Given growing attention to inequities and hardest-to-reach children, there is increasing interest in how to support children in extreme settings, including through schooling. We focus on cash transfer programmes – poverty reduction initiatives aimed at human capital development – and adopt an ecological focus, considering children in informal and formal settings in households, schools, communities and broader polities. Using qualitative methodologies we explore how cash transfer programmes can facilitate schooling in Kenya, Palestine and Peru. We argue it is critical to consider both demand and supply side challenges and entry-points. We conclude that involving communities in programme design, monitoring and evaluation is essential to promote greater transparency and accountability, and ultimately child wellbeing outcomes.     

Confronting poverty and educational inequalities: Madrasas as a strategy for contesting dominant literacy in rural Bangladesh

In a context of globalisation and the rapid expansion of low-paid ‘global’ jobs, formal schooling is no longer perceived as contributing to the acquisition of skills that are appropriate or even relevant to active engagement with the new opportunities. Based on empirical material from a village in Bangladesh, this paper explores the role of madrasa education in challenging the dominant paradigm of learning embedded in formal secular schooling. Despite charges of low quality and traditionalism, local narratives reveal how madrasa learning is used to negotiate and transform inequalities, both in material and social terms. Madrasa education is cheaper, and addresses issues of poverty, but the narratives also emphasise learning the Arabic language, seen to facilitate male overseas migration to the Gulf countries, a channel for upward social and economic mobility. In a context of global competition that supports individualism, a focus on character and morality as represented through an Islamic identity, alongside communitarian values, is seen as important for maintaining a degree of social cohesion and is hence socially valued. Reading and reciting the Quran are also viewed as essential traits for a woman, enabling her to appropriately socialise her children in the absence of her migrant husband. One finds here a simultaneous process of contestation and resistance, seeking successful occupational trajectories and social recognition for men, while at the same time contributing to the reproduction of gendered inequalities.     

Family sources of educational gender inequality in rural China: A critical assessment

In this paper, we investigate the gender gap in education in rural northwest China. We first discuss parental perceptions of abilities and appropriate roles for girls and boys; parental concerns about old-age support; and parental perceptions of different labor market outcomes for girls’ and boys’ education. We then investigate gender disparities in investments in children, children's performance at school, and children's subsequent attainment. We analyze a survey of 9–12-year-old children and their families conducted in rural Gansu Province in the year 2000, along with follow-up information about subsequent educational attainment collected 7 years later. We complement our main analysis with two illustrative case studies of rural families drawn from 11 months of fieldwork conducted in rural Gansu between 2003 and 2005 by the second author.     

教育扶贫新阶段：精准扶智2.0

我国全面脱贫的宏伟目标实现后,在阔步迈向第二个百年奋斗目标的新征程中,必然需对欠发达地区实施更高水平的“精准扶智”,走“富脑袋”与“富口袋”并重之路。与1.0阶段相比,精准扶智2.0服务于我国第二个百年奋斗目标的实现,主要以欠发达地区农民群体为扶智对象,更加重视提升欠发达地区农民发展的能力与智慧。其主要目标是帮助欠发达地区农民提升精神境界、文化知识水平、信息素养、科学技术水平、创新创造信心与能力以及终身学习能力。传统的以“支教”“三下乡”等一线帮扶方式进行扶智,帮扶覆盖面小、成本高,可持续性不强;而统一集中的面对面教育方式也无法满足欠发达地区农民学习时间和学习需求个性化、动态性的要求,因此必须寻求常规方式以外的精准扶智方式。智能时代,我国可以汇聚信息技术和社会各方力量为精准扶智2.0所用。新的精准扶智可以国家层面建立的精准扶智平台为支撑,以在职人员、退休人员等组成的网络志愿者联盟为组织服务中心,构建精准结对的动态扶智共同体,实施以新型平台为纽带的远程泛在、多方协同、高效适切的精准扶智。     

In-betweenness in moving images: six experimental tactics of video-ethnography to narrate South Asian immigrant girls’ subjectivities

ABSTRACT

After exploring the interactions between moving image-based art practices and anthropology in recent decades, and the permeable membranes in ethnographic research, we will describe six tactics of video-ethnography used to create experimental narratives with a group of South Asian immigrant girls. Positioned in feminist critical poststructuralism, postcolonial theory and film theory, the research gives visibility to how the participants construct their identities when attending secondary school in Catalonia. Learning from artists like Ursula Biemann and Trinh T. Minh-ha, we have experimented with visual modes of producing cultural knowledge, with the aim of narrating migrant subjectivities and difference through moving images. Specifically, we focus on the production of stories through video-ethnographic research, based on the contributions of Michel de Certeau, who describes tactics as mobile, situated and fluid. In the end, this video-ethnographic research has experimented with reflexivity, ‘facing’, re-framing, in-betweenness, the interval, and spectatorship as tactics of narrating ‘otherness’     

Is combining child labour and school education the right approach? Investigating the Cambodian case

The paper considers whether letting children combine work and school is a valid and effective approach in Cambodia. Policy makers’ suggestions that child labour should be allowed to some extent due to household poverty appear ungrounded as no significant relation between children's work and household poverty is found while arranging school timetables flexibly in order to accommodate households’ perceived need for children's labour may increase problems of insufficient teaching hours if schools conduct their timetables unreliably. Considering these issues, the paper suggests the need for a more diversified approach to dealing with the impact of child labour on their school education.     

Inventing and commemorating Queen Elizabeth School,Ilorin, in Nigeria (1956–2016)

ABSTRACT

This article explores the establishment of Queen Elizabeth School (QES), the first government secondary school for girls in Northern Nigeria in 1956, and commemorations in 1961, 1981 and 2016. Connecting past and present, several invented traditions were deployed to socialise students, secure QES’s reputation and status, and foster national unity among Nigeria’s diverse peoples. In 1961, British Woman Education Officer Kathleen Player, the foundation principal, highlighted QES’s alignment with the traditions of the British Public school and its commitment to ‘unity in diversity’ following Nigeria’s independence in 1960. She was honoured during QES’s twenty-fifth anniversary in 1981, and new traditions promoted institutional and national loyalties. However, the 2016 commemoration coincided with the fiftieth anniversary of the assassination of Sir Ahmado Bello, the Premier of Northern Nigeria (1954–1966). In this context, Player’s legacy and the colonial past were marginalised in favour of Bello as founder of QES and symbol of national unity.     

How does women’s education influence infant survival? A structural equation model using aggregate data from 95 low- and middle-income countries

Previous studies have shown that women’s education increases infant survival with a magnitude that varies along methodological designs. Besides, the causal chain from women’s education to infant survival has so far remained largely unknown. This cross-country study investigates the relationship between women’s education and infant survival in 95 low- and middle-income countries using a comprehensive set of mediating and control variables. The article applies structural equation modelling on aggregate data, which were produced by the UN, UNESCO, UNICEF and the World Bank. The independent variables are from 2000 to 2009, and the dependent variable, infant mortality, is from 2018. The models are adjusted for income level, population size and extreme epidemic or political instabilities. Structural equation modelling is an advantageous method to specify how women’s education affects infant survival explicitly through the indirect influences of an enhanced child health provision and through an increased reproductive autonomy for women. Overall, women’s education is an equally important variable with poverty alleviation and women’s reproductive autonomy in explaining the cross-country variation in infant survival. The models, taking into account key child health policies, provide new evidence on how women’s education is mediated to better infant survival in low- and middle-income countries.     

Is the World Bank education policy adequate for fighting poverty? Some evidence from Latin America

This paper focuses on the relationship between the World Bank’s education policy and the recent anti-poverty priorities and strategies that shape the present Bank’s agenda for development. The paper provides a critical assessment of the explicit strategies of the World Bank’s education policies aimed at fighting poverty by identifying the contradictions embedded in anti-poverty discourses and strategies, and relating them to an education policy that generates inequalities and shows little effectiveness in helping people to escape from poverty. This analysis is applied to the situation of Latin American education systems, which have, during the last decade, experienced an important expansion but have also maintained strong inequalities in educational performance and access to post-compulsory education.