Participation,Remediation, Bricolage: Considering Principal Components of a Digital Culture

Within media theory the worldwide shift from a 19th-century print culture via a 20th-century electronic culture to a 21st-century digital culture is well documented. In this essay the emergence of a digital culture as amplified and accelerated by the popularity of networked computers, multiple-user software, and Internet is investigated in terms of its principal components. A digital culture as an underdetermined praxis is conceptualized as consisting of participation, remediation, and bricolage. Using the literature on presumably “typical” Internet phenomena such as the worldwide proliferation of independent media centers (indymedia) linked with (radical) online journalism practices and the popularity of (individual and group) weblogging, the various meanings and implications of this particular understanding of digital culture are explored. In the context of this essay, digital culture can be seen as an emerging set of values, practices, and expectations regarding the way people (should) act and interact within the contemporary network society. This digital culture has emergent properties with roots in both online and offline phenomena, with links to trends and developments predating the World Wide Web, yet having an immediate impact and particularly changing the ways in which we use and give meaning to living in an increasingly interconnected, always on(line) environment.     

Digital Museums and Diverse Cultural Knowledges: Moving Past the Traditional Catalog

Web 2.0 technologies have introduced increasingly participatory practices to creating content, and museums are becoming interested in the potentials of “Museum 2.0” for reaching and engaging with new audiences. As technological advances are opening up the ways in which museums share information about the objects in their collections, the means by which museums create, handle, process, and transmit knowledge has become more transparent. For this to be done effectively, however, some underlying contradictions must be resolved between museum practices, which privilege the account of the “expert,” and distributed social technology practices, whose strengths lie in allowing for many, sometimes contradictory, perspectives. This article presents a theoretical position and framework for the adaptation of Web 2.0 technologies within the traditional work of the museum, in ways that support the generation and representation of knowledge in, by, and for diverse communities. We then expand on this theoretical perspective by discussing several case studies of exploratory work in this area, and close the article by presenting a few tactical, bottom-up initiatives that museums and distributed communities can take to facilitate the diffusion of this new conceptual framework. Though the subject of this article is online museums, the issues are relevant to all online collections, in particular portals, online public access catalogs (OPAC), and content management systems.     

Towards an ontological foundation of information ethics

The paper presents, firstly, a brief review of the long history of information ethics beginning with the Greek concept of parrhesia or freedom of speech as analyzed by Michel Foucault. The recent concept of information ethics is related particularly to problems which arose in the last century with the development of computer technology and the internet. A broader concept of information ethics as dealing with the digital reconstruction of all possible phenomena leads to questions relating to digital ontology. Following Heidegger’s conception of the relation between ontology and metaphysics, the author argues that ontology has to do with Being itself and not just with the Being of beings which is the matter of metaphysics. The primary aim of an ontological foundation of information ethics is to question the metaphysical ambitions of digital ontology understood as today’s pervading understanding of Being. The author analyzes some challenges of digital technology, particularly with regard to the moral status of digital agents. The author argues that information ethics does not only deal with ethical questions relating to the infosphere. This view is contrasted with arguments presented by Luciano Floridi on the foundation of information ethics as well as on the moral status of digital agents. It is argued that a reductionist view of the human body as digital data overlooks the limits of digital ontology and gives up one basis for ethical orientation. Finally issues related to the digital divide as well as to intercultural aspects of information ethics are explored – and long and short-term agendas for appropriate responses are presented.     

数字创新发展经济体系：框架、演化与增值效应

数字化时代,数据作为新的要素进入到创新发展经济体系中,改变了原有的要素构成和主体关系,急需健全数字化背景下创新发展经济体系研究的理论基础。本文提出数字创新发展经济体系的概念及其分析框架,并从“围绕数字自身创新发展形成的经济体系（Ⅰ型）”和“创新发展经济体系的数字化（Ⅱ型）”两个相互融合增值的体系出发,来界定和理解数字创新发展经济体系的内涵。本文认为,在数字化时代,数字技术不断升级突破、知识生产方式不断优化、创新要素关系不断增强、创新主体边界不断扩大、制度和条件不断完善为数字创新发展经济体系的演化提供了动力支撑。最后,本文在数字化背景下拓展了熊彼特的创新发展经济理论,指出数字创新发展经济体系通过投入创新数字化、产品创新数字化、工艺创新数字化、市场创新数字化、组织创新数字化等五类渠道实现价值增值。     

Gaps and Bits: Conceptualizing Measurements for Digital Divide/s

Three arguments are raised in this article with regard to the indices used to measure the digital divide. First, I criticize policymakers who rely on simplistic measures of the digital divide, at the expense of a thoughtful analysis of (1) the purpose of the tool, (2) the level of observation, and (3) the method of approaching the data. Second, I argue that networks and associated technologies are not neutral artifacts but are political and social spaces in their structure as well as in their content levels. Accordingly, we need to factor in the context as an important actor in conceptualizing and measuring the digital divide. Third, two general types of indices are used for the measurement of the digital divide(s): focused monotopical indices and comprehensive indices. Monotopical indices are more widely available, while comprehensive ones are rare. I argue that policymakers need to promote comprehensive indices over monotopical indices. Finally, I present a conceptual definition of the digital divide and a framework for developing a comprehensive index to measure it.     

Altmetrics视角下数字期刊利用统计指标框架构建

为了相对全面地统计数字环境下学术期刊的利用情况,本文在Altmetrics理念指导下,以期刊被引指标框架为标杆,建设性地提出一套适于我国数字期刊的利用统计指标框架,为学术共同体就数字期刊利用评价问题提供参考,有助于提高期刊的质量与利用率,且进一步丰富Altmetrics理论研究。     

The tragedy of the digital commons

In the paper it is argued that bridging the digital divide may cause a new ethical and social dilemma. Using Hardin's Tragedy of the Commons, we show that an improper opening and enlargement of the digital environment (Infosphere) is likely to produce a Tragedy of the Digital Commons (TDC). In the course of the analysis, we explain why Adar and Huberman's previous use of Hardin's Tragedy to interpret certain recent phenomena in the Infosphere (especially peer-to-peer communication) may not be entirely satisfactory. We then seek to provide an improved version of the TDC that avoids the possible shortcomings of their model. Next, we analyse some problems encountered by the application of classical ethics in the resolution of the TDC. In the conclusion, we outline the kind of work that will be required to develop an ethical approach that may bridge the digital divide but avoid the TDC.     

青年社会建设参与中的政策、法律与习惯法

在青年参与社会建设的过程中政策、法律与习惯法是三种不同的制度支撑因素,三者有着不同的地位和作用。政策曾在青年社会建设参与中起着主要的作用;法律是与社会主义法治国家相适应的支撑制度;民间习惯是对青年社会建设参与法律制度的重要补充。建立与社会主义市场经济相适应的青年社会建设参与支撑制度,需要正确处理政策、法律与习惯法三者之间的关系。     

Mapping the mix: Linking instruments,settings and target groups in the study of policy mixes

This article proposes the extension of a conceptual framework aimed at analysing policy mixes and their outcomes and demonstrates its value added for the study of sustainability transitions. The argument is that policy mixes research should not focus only on the form of policy instruments, but also on their implementation context. Policy mix form designates the specific policy instruments that are involved according to a policy strategy. Policy mix context includes the specific setting where each policy measure is implemented, such as enterprise or family. It also includes the specific target group of each measure, such as youth or smokers. We apply this conceptual framework to the policy concept and implementation of tobacco control policies in Switzerland, which are an exemplary case for analysing transitions as they are geared towards behavioural change. In a mixed method approach, we triangulate different sets of quantitative and qualitative indicators in order to assess the implementation of eleven subnational policy mixes. Our findings show that taking into account the moderating role of settings between policy instruments and target groups allows for a more in depth analysis of policy processes. Observing the interactions between the four elements policy instruments, policy strategy, the implementation settings and the target groups allows capturing the complexity of policy mixes, at the crossroads of policy design, policy implementation and policy outcomes. Taking implementation settings and target groups into account in the analysis of policy mixes allows for a refined understanding of policy compliance and thus, from a broader perspective, of sustainability transitions.     

Academics or entrepreneurs? Investigating role identity modification of university scientists involved in commercialization activity

Establishing the microfoundations of academic entrepreneurship requires closer scrutiny of a key actor contributing to this phenomenon—the university scientist. We investigate the sense-making that scientists engage in as part of their participation in technology transfer and postulate that this process involves a potential modification in their role identity. We analyzed more than 70 h of interview data at a premier U.S. public research university. We observe that scientists invoke rationales for involvement that are congruent with their academic role identity. They typically adopt a hybrid role identity that comprises a focal academic self and a secondary commercial persona. We delineate two mechanisms – delegating and buffering – that these individuals deploy to facilitate such salience in their hybrid role identity. Overall, these patterns suggest that university scientists take active steps to preserve their academic role identity even as they participate in technology transfer. Our findings clarify the social psychological processes underlying scientist involvement in commercialization activity, and offer fresh insights to the academic entrepreneurship, science policy and role identity literatures.     

Supporting “Everyday Analysts” in Safety- and Time-Critical Situations

The need for quick, timely, and accurate information is critical in emergency events. During mass emergencies, people assemble information from both official and unofficial sources. As digital access expands, people will increasingly incorporate information from digital sources into decision making and assess it against the local circumstances they experience. If we extrapolate what such behavior means for the future, we can see that information management under emergency conditions will need to become increasingly socially distributed. The key question then is how to assess the quality of information: how “good” or “bad” it is; whether it is “misinformation” or “disinformation.” Borrowing from Simon's notion of satisficing, the authors argue that people's assessment of information helpfulness and credibility is a function of the “everyday analytic” skills they employ during mass emergencies. To facilitate the critical work of “everyday analysts,” we outline a research agenda for the development of analytical support tools.     

数字创新生态系统：理论构建与未来研究

数字化重塑了创新主体之间的价值共创方式,拓展了现有创新生态系统理论,引发关于数字创新生态系统的思考。本文提出数字创新生态系统的两种表现形式：创新导向的数字生态系统（又称“数字创新生态系统Ⅰ型”）以及数字赋能的创新生态系统（又称“数字创新生态系统Ⅱ型”）。创新导向型的数字生态系统旨在促进数字创新的产生、应用与扩散,这一围绕数字主体而形成的创新生态系统延续了数字生态系统收敛性、可扩展性、自生长性和模块性的基本特征。数字赋能的创新生态系统是数字化进程与创新主体间价值共创行为深度融合的结果,实现了创新生态系统内主体、结构、制度、功能和演进的数字化转型。数字创新生态系统Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型彼此渗透、相互促进,改进了创新主体之间的价值共创方式,推动了创新能力与创新效能的全面提升。最后,建议未来研究从案例分析、形成机制分析、发展战略分析、政策研究和监测研究等方面来健全和完善数字创新生态系统理论。     

Convergence crosscurrents: Analog in the digital and digital in the analog

Abstract

In this Perspective paper we propose a rethink on how we should approach digital and analog news. Although there are literatures that continue to focus on the many and varied characteristics of digital and analog news, we should not consider these as separate, opposing entities. In fact, the intertwining between the digital and the analog of news makes it difficult, if not impossible, to define separately what they are, even if this often is the practice in scholarly debate on news and journalism in new media. What we argue in this paper is that today, in opposition to binary definitions, it would be much more revealing, and also connected to actual media practices, to try to understand how much digital there is in the analog news and, vice versa, how much analog there is in digital news. This approach recognizes three dimensions in media platforms: digital, analog, and, between them, a cross-evolved, digitalized analog present in television, radio, and online newspapers. Recognizing these three dimensions enables us to explore more clearly the implications that the hybridization of digital and analog news has on the overall media system and on the state of news itself.     

Achieving knowledge across borders: facilitating practices of triangulation, obliterating “digital junkyards”

International companies expanding and competing in an increasingly global context are currently discovering the necessity of sharing knowledge across geographical and disciplinary borders. Yet, especially in such contexts, sharing knowledge is inherently complex and problematic in practice. Inspired by recent contributions in science studies, this paper argues that knowledge sharing in a global context must take into account the heterogeneous and locally embedded nature of knowledge. In this perspective, knowledge cannot easily be received through advanced information technologies, but must always be achieved in practice. Empirically, this paper draws from two contrasting initiatives in a major international oil and gas company for improving its current ways of sharing knowledge between geographically distributed sites and disciplines involved in well planning and drilling. The contrasting cases reveal that while a shared database system failed to improve knowledge sharing across contexts, a flexible arrangement supporting collaboration and use of different representation of knowledge was surprisingly successful. Based on these findings the paper underscores and conceptualizes various triangulating practices conducted in order to achieve knowledge across borders. More accurately these practices are central for individuals’ and communities’ abilities to: (i) negotiate ambiguous information, (ii) filter, combine, and integrate various heterogeneous sources of information, and (iii) judge the trustworthiness of information. Concerning the design and use of information technologies this implies that new designs need to facilitate triangulating practices of users rather than just providing advanced platforms (“digital junkyards”) for sharing information.     

学习和忘却、组织韧性与企业数字化能力获取研究

企业的数字化转型对组织内部能力与外部环境都提出了新的要求,传统企业普遍沉浸在缺乏“数字化能力”的焦虑中。本研究在组织印记理论基础上拓展了印记反弹效应,以数字时代开启的新兴经济体企业的反弹契机为背景,探索了促进企业数字化能力获取的组织特征与过程机制。采用国际竞争中处于相对劣势产业的259家中国企业样本进行实证研究,结果表明组织学习与组织忘与数字化能力之间存在正向关系,组织韧性在其间起到了部分中介的作用,企业网络数字氛围正向调节了组织学习、组织忘却与组织韧性的关系。研究结论表明,中国企业虽然在初创时期没有丰富的外部资源支持,但可以在后续发展中通过组织学习与忘却强化组织韧性等内部组织特征,并在良好的数字氛围等组织外部环境中实现更为迫切的获取数字化能力的反弹效应。     

数字全球价值链：概念、理论框架与未来展望

以数字经济崛起、数字技术发展、数据生产要素涌现为主要特点的新工业革命迫使全球价值链发生颠覆性变革和重构,催生了数字全球价值链。数字全球价值链作为一种新的价值链形式,需要对其属性特征、理论机制和动力机制等问题进行深入研究,以推动进一步发展。首先,系统梳理相关文献,聚焦于已有数字全球价值链的相关概念,并对其进一步拓展和界定,深化对数字全球价值链的理解。其次,通过归纳和提炼现有研究和实践中关于数字全球价值链的活动表现形式,提炼出数字全球价值链的核心特征。在此基础上,对全球数据价值链和全球价值链数字化等相似概念进行辨析。再次,结合数字经济的特点,识别数字全球价值链的投入—产出结构、要素禀赋、治理模式、价值链距离和政策环境五大影响因素。最后,围绕参与主体、动力机制和发展结果搭建数字全球价值链的理论框架。进一步地,围绕这一框架提出数字全球价值链未来亟须探索的三类研究方向。研究有助于提升数字全球价值链研究的系统性,为其后续研究提供参考。     

Methodological Challenges of Digital Divide Measurements

The term “digital divide” has been used for almost a decade and typically relates to sociodemographic differences in the use of information and communication technology. However, the corresponding measurement is still relatively imprecise. Very often it is simply reduced to comparisons of Internet penetration rates. This article extends the measurements above the usual bivariate comparisons. Within this context, three essential approaches are presented and critically evaluated. First, loglinear modeling is used to address the interactions among the factors affecting the digital divide. Second, compound measures (i.e., the Digital Divide Index) that integrate a number of variables into a single indicator are discussed. Third, time-distance methodology is applied to analyze changes in the digital divide. The article argues that these approaches often yield entirely different conclusions compared to simple bivariate analysis. The examples are presented as a general warning against an oversimplified methodological approach to digital divide studies.     

数字创新研究综述与展望

数字创新作为一种新兴的创新模式,引起了国内外学者的特别关注。运用文献分析法,通过对20年来文献的查阅和梳理,构建了数字创新的基本理论框架。在对数字创新内涵界定和特征分析基础上,根据表现形式将其划分为数字产品创新、数字服务创新、数字过程创新、数字组织创新和数字商业模式创新五种类型。提出数字创新具有提升运营效率、提高组织绩效、促进高质量发展和改变竞争格局的功能。认为数字创新由数字创新者、数字创新公民、数字技术、数字创新平台和数字创新文化五个基本要素组成。提出数字创新组织与管理包括数字创新战略制定、数字创新组织准备和数字创新运行管理等内容,并对未来研究方向进行了展望,以期为数字创新理论研究和实践活动提供有益参考和借鉴。     

国内科技期刊的优先数字出版现状及问题分析

[目的]了解国内科技期刊在优先数字出版方面的最新进展,以期为各期刊的数字化发展提供参考。[方法]通过检索期刊官网、国外数据库、国内如中国知网等中文数据库,调查50种上海市高校科技期刊的优先数字出版情况,分析其特点及常见问题,并提出建议。[结果]目前上海市高校科技期刊正在实行优先数字出版的比例仅占18%,且绝大多数期刊选择国内外大型数据库进行优先数字出版,其中英文刊选择国外数据库,而中文刊则选择中国知网。优先数字出版的常见问题包括优先版本中编辑差错较多、版本更新不到位和DOI标注比例不高等。[结论]国内科技期刊实行优先数字出版的进程尚须加快,一方面须努力提高优先出版内容的编辑质量,另一方面应不断探索各期刊最适合的优先出版模式。     

Contemporary discourses in Information Systems Research: Methodological inclusiveness in a sample of Information Systems Journals

We propose a framework to reflect on the development of four information systems (IS) paradigms, arguing that this field has followed a similar path to that of Management Sciences (MS). The framework comprises four IS paradigms/discourses: (1) positivist/normative; (2) soft/interpretive; (3) critical/pluralistic; and (4) constructivist/2nd order cybernetics. The paper characterizes these approaches to IS by using four key terms: System; Organisation; Management and Information, exploring the way these concepts are perceived through the lens of the four paradigms. The paper reports on the nature of current IS trends, from an initial survey of six top IS journals identifying articles adhering to the interpretive, critical and constructivist paradigms published between 1999 and 2009. Results indicate that IS is moving towards research practice in which interpretive, critical and constructivist discourses are utilised. Implications of the proposed framework and publication trends, together with some points for further research, are offered.