A Corpus-based Investigation of NEED in Written American English

As one of the most frequent words in the English language,the study of NEED has attracted the attention of linguists in the late decades.Nonetheless,none of the previous research had ever examined the diachronic variation of NEED in American English from 1810s to 2000s as this study did,thus not in a position to make a comprehensive observation of NEED variation.The present study is based on a well-balanced corpora-Corpus of Historical American English(COHAE)1 to investigate the diachronic change of NEED in written American English.Moreover,intra-linguistic and extra-linguistic factors were analyzed to provide reasonable explanations for the differences in frequency.The aim was to improve the understanding of the development and variation of NEED usage in American English.The study suggests that before the 1900s,NEED as a model and verb in American English shows a distinct and complex picture different from that in the British English,but it shows similar development since then.It also finds that need to is undergoing grammaticalization.Another finding worth noting is that NEED undertakes degrammaticalization on the one hand and experiences regrammaticalization on the other hand.     

Changes of local agricultural landscape patterns induced by land consolidation in hilly and mountainous Southwestern China

Land consolidation （LC）, as a type of human disturbance, improves land production efficiency and changes landscape distribution through land parcel reallocation. The objective of this study was to comparatively analyze the changes of landscape patches before and after a land consolidation project （LCP） and the effects of land levelling, irrigation and drainage work and road engineering on the landscape structure. FRAGSTAT3.3 and buffer zone analysis were used to investigate those changes. The results suggest that the heterogeneity of landscape depressed, and tended to simplification after LC. Dry land was the most highly variable land use pattern, and the change of forestland was least due to its locations at a gradient larger than 25°. LC resulted in a more rational use of land, and could be an important step in promoting rural development in depressed and fragmented agricultural areas through unused land exploitation, small-patch combination, irrigation and water conservancy, and road construction. Land levelling leveled off the gradient field surface and decreased the slope. The fragmentized patches were much more incorporated with increasing slope. On the other hand, the ridge of a field became longer so that the length of field surface and area of patch were increased. Land levelling regulated, simplified and combined patches, .so that the complexity degree was reduced. It is found that the buffer distance of 35 m was a turning point of human disturbance by irrigation and drainage systems, and patches presented flaky distribution when the buffer distance was smaller than 35 m. Meanwhile, the distance range between 25 m to 50 m was an impressible area for road engineering, which was sensitive to human actions, and the changes of all landscape metrics were larger than those in other buffer zones. In general, LC not only reallocated fragmented parcels, but also improved agricultural conditions.     

中国人VS亚裔美国人

A little girl was standing in a swarm of elementary school kids trying desperately not to draw attention to herself and trying to fit in.Fitting in is a state of mind that every single person goes through,because fitting in means that you are normal and that you are accepted.However,as I grew older,I threw the goal of fitting in out the window.To me,it became no longer important to fit my Asian face into the sea of Caucasian faces I see everyday.It became a thrill to be different and unique,and I flaunted my Chinese culture rather than hid it.……     

Eating Custom and Practice

American eating is funny. They eat_1 everything with a fork, and it appears that _2 a knife in one's right hand longer than a few seconds is considered to be _3 good table manners.The system is that if it is really necessary to use a_4, people take thefork in their left hand, and cut off a piece of meat or whatever it is in the_5manner. Then they put the knife down, change the fork to their_6,and only then do they put the food to their mouth. This is clearly ridiculous,but it is considered good_7.There are several results of this system. First, if it is not really _8 to use a knife, Americans don't use _9, because obviously this greatly makes     

阅读理解之新闻篇

(一)环球英语新闻:睡眠有助于巩固记忆If you believe that when you go to sleep your brain takes a rest,you are wrong—it actually strengthens the memories of events that take place during the day. Researchers in the United States have carried out a study and found while you sleep,your brain remains     

The amoeboid neo-liberalism and the rising state commercialism in education

Recently, the pros and cons scholars of educational marketization all refer to the enormous influences affected by neo-liberalism. Without doubt, it occurs to the related researches that the function and characters of market will create a decisive impact on education development. Nevertheless, according to this authors＇ study, neo-liberalism is not the way as it was, it is because the role of the state has been shifted from shrinking back to swelling out in terms of the ways of manipulating policies. The state is no longer the rolled back actor as a small government following the original neo-liberalism context, but becomes an invisible hand behind serial discourses and standards making. This study has taken England for an example to review the spread of marketization in education, especially under New Labor＇s authority. Context and developed discourses on neo-liberalism are analyzed before examining the related policies in England. The result of the research argues that, though neo-liberalism still firmly wins its high value in running education, it has been through an ingenious change in terms of spreading processes. Under New Labor＇s authority, serial legitimate discourses from public sector were released and formed another new ideology. The boundary of public and private sector of running education, especially in secondary education, has been redefined. This change has turned England into a new type of ＂neo-liberalism＂ territory. Based on the involvement of public sector in manipulating serial privatizations, it reveals the phenomenon of ＂state commercialism＂.     

Performance of underground heat storage system in a double-film-covered greenhouse

An underground heat storage system in a double-film-covered greenhouse and an adjacent greenhouse without the heat storage system were designed on the basis of plant physiology to reduce the energy consumption in greenhouses. The results indicated that the floor temperature was respectively 5.2℃, 4.6℃ and 2.0 ℃ higher than that of the soil in the adjacent reference greenhouse after heat storage in a clear, cloudy and overcast sky in winter. Results showed that the temperature and humidity were feasible for plant growth in the heat saving greenhouse.     

斯科特医生

Jim was in despair.Nothing was going right for him at the hospital.He had been strongly criticized.mainly for the mistake he made when called out to assist at a birth.He suspected that he was no longer trusted at the hospital and he decided to change his iob.As a result of reading an advertisement.he was able to arrange an in- terview with a doctor who was looking for a part- ner.The doctor.whose name was Scot,lived in Thorby,a small town in the North of England.     

Discussion of Using Literature in The EFL Reading Classroom

This essay discusses the issue concerning the use of literature as a pedagogic tool in the EFL reading classroom, which is different from the traditional study of literature. It aims to illustrate that literary texts can be used as a useful language teaching resource rather than as an object of literary study. In the essay, the first part talks about the values of using literature in the EFL reading classroom. The second part is a set of activities related to a specific literary text which aim to develop some of the values identified in the first part.     

Simple operated multipurpose temperature control cryostat

A suitable simple optical cryostat for optical, magneto-optical, electrical and thermo-electrical measurements was designed. It is suitable for use in a magnetic pool gap as narrow as less than 1 cm. Throughout a long period of time, the heat diffusion process of the cryostat can be easily operated at slow increase in sample temperature in a range 1.25 K/min at 200 K that will be reduced gradually to 0.66 K at room temperature. Liquid nitrogen was used to cool down the temperature. During the operation, the change in the measured energy gap of a semiconductor sample and other physical parameters resulting from the change of temperature can be corrected through the temperature coefficient of that parameter at the corresponding temperature. The cryostat was successfully used for all experiments mentioned above to measure the properties of a single crystal of GaP (Gallium Phosphate) semiconductor.     

The Ways of the Alphabet Technology Serve to Alter the Societies and Humans

In the age of rapid technological change in human society,incessant technologies appear and play vital roles in civilization and the development of society.Among these effective technologies,the alphabet technology is one of the seminal ideas which is more than a writing system,but also a system for organizing information.This paper attempts to analyze the ways that the alphabet technology serves to alter the societies and the long-term impacts of it.     

The Effect on Enhancing Students＇ Inquiry Abilities via Step-by-Step Open-ended Inquiry Teaching Design

The purpose of this study is to promote more open-ended inquiry activities in junior high school science lessons in the current educational system with fixed textbooks. Researchers adapted existing curriculum-based experimental activities for more open-ended inquiry ones. In addition, the whole class was provided with more opportunities to explore complete activities in limited teaching time. This study used Hazel＇s proposals of levels of inquiry. The method was to carry out the current 8th grade experiments through the step-by-step teaching material modification （from levels of inquiry 0 to 2b） and to combine the experimental teaching method with the 5E （engage, explore, explain, elaborate, and evaluate） learning cycle. After a quasi-experimental study, we compared the traditional teaching method with the step-by-step open-ended inquiry teaching one on 8th graders＇ basic and integrated science process skills and academic achievements. The study result showed that the academic achievement in the experimental group, based on the same instructional time, was not worse than that in the control group. No significant difference was found on the total scores of the basic science process skills between the two groups, but a significant difference was found on the ＂predicting＂ dimension. There was a significant difference on the total scores of the integrated science process skills between the two groups. Significant differences were found on ＂interpreting data＂ as well as ＂experiment designing＂ dimensions. Hence, the study indicated that it could enhance students＇ inquiry ability through step-by-step openly inquiry levels to change the existing curricula, which served as a reference of educational reform.     

How “similarity” in higher education can improve assessment quality

Higher education is the product of three constituents, the policy makers or government, the executors or faculty and the recipients or the students or scholars. Steadiness among different constituents in given social interaction can act as facilitating motive and it could make higher education more smooth and productive. The “steadiness” in the pilot study is “a parameter that helps the three constituents of higher education to communicate to each other without ambiguity or say on a same frequency” and is very close to the factor “similarity”. Studies prove that “similarities” help group cohesion, improve performance and social relations etc. So to assume that the presence of like-mindedness or “similarity” or say “steadiness” in the field of higher education has the potential to decrease the amount of stress and to increase the productivity or outcome （successful policies, objective assessments, scholars, research, utility etc.）, is justified. And the assumption possesses the testable potential to study policy, assessment, implementation and other allied issues objectively. Many methods of social research and experimental designs are feasible for such study. A pilot study of a biography proves that the study of “similarity” in higher education for quality and assessment is viable and possesses the potential to produce better scholars, can enable the government to improve economy, can help to produce a strong next generation, can positively contribute to strengthen the social institutions and society and above all can bring a positive change in higher education that has been merely claimed for last many years. It is recommended that the proposed “similarity” may be studied in the field of higher education to help the government to formulate and execute policies based on social psychological evidence to enable the executors to best utilize their potential to help the recipients and learners to grow as per their full potential.     

活水

A Tofalar Tale托发拉尔传说 This happened a long,long time ago.when the cedar.the fir,and the pine still had needles that yellowed and dropped in the fall instead of staying green all winter. Once in those olden times a TofaJar went out into the woods to hunt. He walked and walked.and he came farther than any hunter had ever dared to go.He saw a     

如梦如幻北极光

The northern lights may seem like a phenomenon that only happens in faraway places.But if you want to ensure you'll actually catch them,head to the source in northern Scandinavia,Canada,Alaska,Greenland and northern Russia in the darkest of winter months,1)typically from late September to late March.Of course,some cities are better than others.Here are three of our top picks from the easiest to reach to some of the most 2)scenic.     

Effect of suction change on water content and total volume of an expansive clay

A laboratory study was carried out on both natural and compacted specimens to investigate the complex soil-water interaction in an unsaturated expansive clay. The laboratory study includes the measurement of soil-water characteristic curves, 1D free swelling tests, measurement of swelling pressure and shrinkage tests. The test results revealed that the air-entry value of the natural specimen was quite low due to cracks and fissures present. The hydraulic hysteresis of the natural specimen was relatively insignificant as compared with the compacted specimen. Within a suction range 0 to 500 kPa, a bilinear relationship between free swelling strain (or swelling pressure) and initial soil suction was observed for both the natural and compacted specimens. As a result of over-consolidation and secondary structures such as cementation and cracks, the natural specimens exhibited significant lower swelling (or swelling pressure) than the compacted specimen. The change of matric suction exerts a more significant effect on the water phase than on the soil skeleton for this expansive clay.     

论美

Virtue is like a rich stone, best plain set; and surely virtue isbest, in a body that is comely though not of delicate features; and that hath rather dignity of presence, than beauty of aspect. Neither is it almost seen, that very beautiful persons are otherwise of great virtue; as if nature were rather busy, not to err, than in labor to produce excellency.And therefore they prove accomplished, but not of great spirit; and study rather behavior, than virtue. But this holds not always: for Augustus Caesar, Titus Vespasianus, Philip le Belle of France, Edward the Fourth of England, Alcibiades of Athens, Ismael the Sophy of Persia, were all high and great spirits; and yet the most beautiful men of their times,In beauty, that of favor, is more than that of color; and that of decent and gracious motion, more than that of favor. That is the best part of beauty, which a picture cannot express; no, nor the first sight of the life.There is no excellent beauty, that     

Dynamic analysis of landing autonomous underwater vehicle

In autonomous underwater vehicles(AUVs) the onboard power used to complete missions is limited.To solve this problem,a landing AUV has been designed,which conserves energy by sitting on the seafloor while monitoring the ocean.In order to study the dynamic behaviors for better control of the AUV,the dynamic analysis of the landing AUV is presented in this paper.Based on the momentum theorem and the angular momentum theorem,the dynamic model of the landing AUV is derived.The simulations of rectilinear motion,rotary motion and helix motion indicate the dynamic behaviors of the AUV.The ocean experiments validate the dynamic model presented in this paper.The experiments also verify that the landing AUV can work for a longer time than common AUVs.     

Topic-shift in Network Media Reports

It, from the perspective of cohesion, extracts three types of topic-shift markers used in this genre, namely ’change of narrators’, ’change of objects being talked about’, and ’temporal adverbials’ to analyze four journalistic reports from the network media and draws the conclusion that cohesion between two topic units is usually weaker than that within a specific topic fragment.     

离异危害您的健康

By and large , married people appear to have better health than their single peers. However, if the marriage ends, that healthy edge tends to disappear, with divorced and separated people reporting one of the highest rates of illness. Now, a new study published in the May issue of the Journal of Marriage and Family shows that