Calculating trust in domain analysis: Theoretical trust model

In recent decades, more information has become increasingly available on the Web. Every user can actively participate in the generation and exchange of information. Investigating the quality of user-generated content (UGC) has therefore become a necessity and an ever-increasing challenge. In collaborative environments where users collect, share and build a knowledge base, trust is an important factor. If, for example, we as users trust UGC on the Web, this influences our interaction with this content. The aim of our research is to propose a model for the evaluation of trust in UGC. Based on the available research results, we define a model for measuring trust in collaborative environments. Our approach is based on three dimensions: stability, credibility and quality. These three concerns are combined to create a trusted translator. We use a real-world data set of the social annotation platform Genius to calculate the value of our trust in an annotation. Based on this case study, we show which insights can be gained by calculating the trust in such an environment. When information has specific qualities, our approach will enable the user to better determine which information offers the highest level of trust.     

虚拟社区知识共享过程中的知识信任度研究

Web2.0环境下的虚拟社区知识互动交流过程,已经由传统的个别知识传授者向外传递知识转变为虚拟社区成员全员知识参与的知识共享。本文首先说明虚拟社区知识共享形成过程中,知识偏好、知识注意、知识信任对达成知识共享效果的逻辑演绎关系。进而指出知识信任程度成为能否有效实现知识共享的主要因素。鉴于虚拟社区的知识共享过程中存在着技术不信任、制度不信任和人际不信任等问题,试图提出了提高虚拟社区知识信任度的相关策略。     

Artificial agents among us: Should we recognize them as agents proper?

In this paper, I discuss whether in a society where the use of artificial agents is pervasive, these agents should be recognized as having rights like those we accord to group agents. This kind of recognition I understand to be at once social and legal, and I argue that in order for an artificial agent to be so recognized, it will need to meet the same basic conditions in light of which group agents are granted such recognition. I then explore the implications of granting recognition in this manner. The thesis I will be defending is that artificial agents that do meet the conditions of agency in light of which we ascribe rights to group agents should thereby be recognized as having similar rights. The reason for bringing group agents into the picture is that, like artificial agents, they are not self-evidently agents of the sort to which we would naturally ascribe rights, or at least that is what the historical record suggests if we look, for example, at what it took for corporations to gain legal status in the law as group agents entitled to rights and, consequently, as entities subject to responsibilities. This is an example of agency ascribed to a nonhuman agent, and just as a group agent can be described as nonhuman, so can an artificial agent. Therefore, if these two kinds of nonhuman agents can be shown to be sufficiently similar in relevant ways, the agency ascribed to one can also be ascribed to the other—this despite the fact that neither is human, a major impediment when it comes to recognizing an entity as an agent proper, and hence as a bearer of rights.     

信任能降低公众对人工智能技术的风险感知吗

论文基于一项全国性抽样问卷调查,从主效应和交互效应两个层面,探究信任是否以及如何塑造公众对人工智能技术的风险感知。结果显示：对政府官员和科学家的信任,均显著降低了对人工智能技术的风险感知;信任政府官员的影响力,不仅高于信任科学家,也高于人工智能知识;对科学家能力信任的影响力高于对科学家的道德信任。除了主效应,信任与知识之间还存在相互强化的交互效应,即信任对技术风险感知的影响力随着人工智能知识水平的上升而增强,随着知识水平的下降而减弱。论文进一步讨论了上述研究结果对风险管理与风险传播的政策意义与未来研究方向。     

What makes bloggers share knowledge? An investigation on the role of trust

As a Web 2.0 technology, blogs are gaining attention as useful knowledge sharing platforms for knowledge management in a collaborative work environment. This study investigates the relationship between trust and bloggers’ knowledge sharing practices. Based on an analysis of results from the 485 survey respondents, the research found that there is the positive relationship between bloggers’ trust and their knowledge sharing practices. This study explores trust in multiple dimensions including economy-based trust, trust in bloggers, and trust in the Internet and trust in blog providers. The detailed research findings are presented.     

Transparency rights, technology, and trust

Information theorists often construe new Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) as leveling mechanisms, regulating power relations at a distance by arming stakeholders with information and enhanced agency. Management theorists have claimed that transparency cultivates stakeholder trust, distinguishes a business from its competition, and attracts new clients, investors, and employees, making it key to future growth and prosperity. Synthesizing these claims, we encounter an increasingly common view: If corporations voluntarily adopted new ICTs in order to foster transparency, trust, and growth, while embracing the redistributions of power they bring about, both corporations and stakeholders would benefit. The common view is short-sighted, however. In order to realize mutual benefit, transparency can not be conceived merely as efficient or economical. The implementation and use of new ICTs will be morally unsatisfactory unless they stably protect stakeholders. Moreover, without such protections, transparency is unlikely to produce lasting trust and growth. More specifically, corporate disclosures ought to be guided by a theory of stakeholder rights to know about threats or risks to stakeholders’ basic interests. Such rights are necessary moral protections for stakeholders in any business environment. Respect for transparency rights is not simply value added to a corporation’s line of goods and services, but a condition of a corporation’s justifiable claim to create value rather than harm, wrong, or injustice in its dealings.     

基于本体与Web挖掘的企业网上信任危机预防模型研究

网络时代的到来,使企业网上信任危机成为企业的一种常态,给企业运营带来巨大的负面影响。将本体与Web挖掘应用于企业网上信任危机预防,可以提升企业绩效。本文在建立基于本体的Web数据挖掘过程的基础上,设计了基于本体和Web挖掘的企业网上信任危机预防模型,分析了该模型的工作过程,并对挖掘对象本体的构建、挖掘方法本体的建立进行了探讨。     

从历史转向到科学实践理论

从HPS到CSSK的转变,在分析和解释科学知识的认知规范性方面出现了困境,皮克林和劳斯的理论有助于说明其中的一些困境。为达到此目标,文中首先分析了从HPS到CSSK的转变;接着考察了CSSK中关于科学实践的两种代表性的观点;然后提出一些科学知识的认识规范性的认知困境。     

The policy implications of economic complexity

In recent years economic complexity has grown into an active field of fundamental and applied research. Yet, despite important advances, the policy implications of economic complexity can remain unclear or misunderstood. Here I organize the policy implications of economic complexity in a framework grounded on 4 Ws: what approaches, focused on identifying target activities and/or locations; when approaches, focused on the timing of related and unrelated diversification; where approaches, focused on the geographic diffusion of knowledge; and who approaches, focused on the role played by agents of structural change. The goal of this paper is to provide a framework that groups, organizes, and clarifies the policy implications of economic complexity and facilitates its continued use in regional and international development.     

Information Privacy in the Marketspace: Implications for the Commercial Uses of Anonymity on the Web

While there is no question that the commercial development of the World Wide Web is still in its infancy and growing rapidly, this development faces a serious barrier to ultimate commercialization. In this article we develop the argument that the primary barrier to the successful commercial development of the Web is the current lack of consumer trust in this new commercial medium. This lack of trust is engendered primarily by the industry's documented failure to respond satisfactorily to mounting consumer concerns over information privacy in electronic, networked environments. We examine how such concerns are affecting the growth and development of consumer-oriented commercial activity on the World Wide Web and investigate the implications of these concerns for potential industry response. In the short run, the commercial development of the Web depends on giving consumers the opportunity to be anonymous when engaging in information exchanges and online transactions. Ultimately, however, commercial Web providers must come to realize that the Internet dramatically shifts the balance of power between a business and its customers, and therefore, radical new business strategies will be required for long-term success. Because the Web offers unprecedented opportunities for interacting with customers, strategies that take advantage of the medium's unique features are likely to reap important rewards in customer satisfaction, loyalty, and retention. Therefore, in the long run, the most effective way for commercial Web providers to develop profitable exchange relationships with online customers is to gain consumer trust by allowing the balance of power to shift toward more cooperative interactions between firms and their customers.     

认识语境与知识的客观性

认识语境论在解决怀疑主义难题获得极大成功的同时也遭遇到相对主义问题的挑战。文章对认识语境论的主要构成以及与此相关的闭合论断进行了细致地解读,在此基础上着重分析了认识语境论与认识相对主义之间的关系。文章强调并指出认识语境论并不等同于认识相对主义,认识语境论的使用可以带来知识的客观性。     

How to be a responsible slave: managing the use of expert information systems

Computer ethicists have for some years been troubled by the issue of how to assign moral responsibility for disastrous events involving erroneous information generated by expert information systems. Recently, Jeroen van den Hoven has argued that agents working with expert information systems satisfy the conditions for what he calls epistemic enslavement. Epistemically enslaved agents do not, he argues, have moral responsibility for accidents for which they bear causal responsibility. In this article, I develop two objections to van den Hoven’s argument for epistemic enslavement of agents working with expert information systems.     

Narratives of quantum theory in the age of quantum technologies

Quantum technologies can be presented to the public with or without introducing a strange trait of quantum theory responsible for their non-classical efficiency. Traditionally the message was centered on the superposition principle, while entanglement and properties such as contextuality have been gaining ground recently. A less theoretical approach is focused on simple protocols that enable technological applications. It results in a pragmatic narrative built with the help of the resource paradigm and principle-based reconstructions. I discuss the advantages and weaknesses of these methods. To illustrate the importance of new metaphors beyond the Schrödinger cat, I briefly describe a non-mathematical narrative about entanglement that conveys an idea of some of its unusual properties. If quantum technologists are to succeed in building trust in their work, they ought to provoke an aesthetic perception in the public commensurable with the mathematical beauty of quantum theory experienced by the physicist. The power of the narrative method lies in its capacity to do so.     

Societal trust and open innovation

While open innovation provides a new paradigm to sustain a firm’s competitive advantage, opening up to external knowledge also entails substantial risks of appropriation and opportunism. Building on this “open paradox” framework, this study investigates whether societal trust—a key aspect of informal cultural norms—serves as an effective mechanism in improving relational governance among partners, thereby leading to better collaborative outcomes. Using a novel panel data on co-owned patents across 29 countries, we show that firms in high trust countries are able to produce a higher level of joint output (i.e., co-owned patents). This effect is more pronounced when perceived opportunism is higher (i.e., firms in high-tech industries, or in countries with less disclosure transparency), and when formal contracts are less enforceable (i.e., in countries with relatively weak legal systems). We further show that open innovation is the channel through which societal trust promotes innovative efficiency. Overall, our study establishes societal trust as a key factor in influencing the efficiency of open innovation.     

A Review of “Kids Online: Opportunities and Risks for Children”

While there is no question that the commercial development of the World Wide Web is still in its infancy and growing rapidly, this development faces a serious barrier to ultimate commercialization. In this article we develop the argument that the primary barrier to the successful commercial development of the Web is the current lack of consumer trust in this new commercial medium. This lack of trust is engendered primarily by the industry's documented failure to respond satisfactorily to mounting consumer concerns over information privacy in electronic, networked environments. We examine how such concerns are affecting the growth and development of consumer-oriented commercial activity on the World Wide Web and investigate the implications of these concerns for potential industry response. In the short run, the commercial development of the Web depends on giving consumers the opportunity to be anonymous when engaging in information exchanges and online transactions. Ultimately, however, commercial Web providers must come to realize that the Internet dramatically shifts the balance of power between a business and its customers, and therefore, radical new business strategies will be required for long-term success. Because the Web offers unprecedented opportunities for interacting with customers, strategies that take advantage of the medium's unique features are likely to reap important rewards in customer satisfaction, loyalty, and retention. Therefore, in the long run, the most effective way for commercial Web providers to develop profitable exchange relationships with online customers is to gain consumer trust by allowing the balance of power to shift toward more cooperative interactions between firms and their customers.     

人工智能透明性原则的制度构建:范式选择与要素分析

“算法黑箱”背后的信息不对称或将带来社会风险，在人工智能技术发展的过程中，透明性原则的实现是算法监管、建立信赖关系的前提与基础，智能产业的发展和社会信赖利益也呼吁透明性原则的建立。但由于利益冲突、技术特征和制度成本等障碍，对人工智能技术监管不应采取传统领域彻底、全部公开的透明方式，而需确立有限、合理的透明标准。这一标准的有效落实依赖于行为规范和私权保护的协同作用，对人工智能进行事前预防、事中约束和事后救济等全过程控制，并结合对主体、客体、程度、条件等要素的场景化思考，实现智能科技创新、整体经济效益和社会公共利益之间的平衡与协调。     

在线社区的知识增殖:用户行为与用户信任的互惠关系研究

[目的/意义] 知识增殖已成为判别在线知识社区成功与否的具体标准。将Web2.0技术所支持的用户行为视作知识增殖的载体,将社区规则、规范所鼓励的人际信任视作知识增殖的条件,考察用户行为与用户信任的互惠因果关系,探索在线社区知识增殖规律。[方法/过程] 采用问卷调查法获取332份有效样本,运用AMOS20.0软件检验模型假设。[结果/结论] 用户行为的发展过程为"知识搜寻行为—知识应用行为—知识贡献行为";用户间信任的发展过程为"认知信任—情感信任",用户行为和用户信任互为因果、二者相互促进实现在线社区知识增殖。     

网络结构、关系治理与家族企业网络组织学习——基于东西部地区的实证

在将家族企业网络区分为人际关系网络、经济网络和混合网络的基础上,利用浙江和重庆等东西部省市266家样本家族企业的调查数据,实证检验了家族企业的网络结构、关系治理与网络组织学习之间的基本关系,结果发现:第一,总体上看,网络中心度、信任对家族企业组织间知识转移和创新均具有显著的正向影响,网络性质对家族企业组织间知识转移也具有显著的正向影响;第二,从网络性质来看,在家族企业人际关系网络中,网络中心度、信任对知识转移有显著的正向影响。在家族企业经济网络中,网络中心度、信任对知识转移有显著的正向影响,但网络关系持久度对知识转移却产生了显著的负向影响。无论是在家族企业人际关系网络还是经济网络中,网络结构对创新行为均无显著的影响,但创新行为将显著地受到家族企业组织间信任水平的影响。     

Social commerce research: Definition,research themes and the trends

Social commerce, an emerging phenomenon rooted in social media and Web 2.0 technologies, has attracted the attention of many researchers. The number of publications on social commerce has grown exponentially in the past 10 years. Now, social commerce has become a significant emerging research area. In this paper, we first define the boundary of social commerce research and then attempt to review the extant literature in this area comprehensively and systematically. Based on the definition, this study surveyed 1369 peer-reviewed academic publications in the social media, Web 2.0, and other related areas. Following the survey, 418 of the publications were identified as social commerce research. Then, latent semantic analysis (LSA), a text mining approach, was applied to summarize the current state of social commerce research. LSA results show that there are three major research themes in the current social commerce research: organization, advertisement, and word-of-mouth. Each theme discusses topics such as innovation, user-generated content, and reputation, among others. In addition, we identify some interesting trends. The first main trend is that innovation, corporate reputation, and user-generated content remain the major research topics, although they are experiencing a slight decline. The second main trend is that online reviews, trust, and e-word-of-mouth are attracting more attention from researchers.     

Distributed ledger technology as a catalyst for open innovation adoption among small and medium-sized enterprises

Open innovation and distributed ledger technology (DLT) are both based on the underlying principles of distribution and sharing. While open innovation is about sharing knowledge to improve innovation processes and performance, DLT is a distributed data ledger that is utilized to enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and ensure immutability, traceability, security, and transparency. In this paper, we investigate the barriers to open innovation currently faced by small and medium-sized companies (SMEs) that DLT can solve. To achieve this goal, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 11 experts in open innovation and DLTs from Spain, Germany, Australia, and India. The results of our exploratory study show that DLTs can help to solve several problems, including external barriers, such as problems with contracts, financing, lack of trust, raw materials, lack of information, domestic and international market limitations, IP rights, and governmental regulations as well as bureaucracy. Internal challenges include insufficient funding, organizational systems that are out of date, and lack of trust. When it comes to difficulties associated with the management of open innovation, external barriers are frequently caused by customers' demands, while internal barriers are frequently caused by organizational culture or human nature, which cannot be improved by DLTs. Finally, SMEs might face new obstacles when integrating DLTs, such as integration problems, complex transition phases, and high setup costs as well as problems with attracting and retaining qualified employees.