创新突破钨材困局

<正>钨材包括钨合金和纯钨,是一种极为重要的战略物质,对国民经济和国防建设起着极为重要的作用。随着航空航天、国防和原子能、新能源、微电子信息等尖端技术领域的迅猛发展,钨材成为钨的消费主体。在世界钨材格局中,美国钨材占44%以上且呈递增趋势,而我国目前钨材仅占13%。与之相比,我国深度加工钨材制品和应用严重短缺。目前,我国钨材一直采用传统粉末     

Ni-W合金镀层在1mol/LH_2SO_4中的腐蚀行为

采用电化学综合测试仪和光电子能谱对几种成分的Ni—W合金镀层在1mol/LH2SO4中的阳极极化行为及表面组成物进行了测试分析．结果表明：Ni-W合金镀层在该介质中极易氧化,表面氧化物含量为94．28％随钨含量增加,其钝化区间加大     

岩体结构面直剪试验方法研究

岩体结构面抗剪强度是影响岩体稳定性的重要指标。根据Jaeger单一结构面强度理论,岩石三轴剪切破坏面上的受力情况可看作岩石单一结构面剪切,利用岩石三轴压缩剪切破坏后的残余变形试验方法与岩体结构面直剪试验方法对比分析,得出岩体剪切面的抗剪强度。     

乙醇酸络合剂电镀Ni-W合金工艺探究

电镀Ni-W合金常使用柠檬酸或其盐为络合剂.文中采用极少应用的乙醇酸络合剂制备了Ni-W合金镀层,研究了镀液组成和操作条件对镀层组成及显微硬度的影响.结果表明：钨含量对镀层显微硬度起决定作用,而镀液中Na2WO4浓度和电流密度会显著影响镀层中的钨含量,进而影响镀层的显微硬度,镀层的显微硬度最高可达615HV.通过正交实验得出适宜工艺条件为：NiSO4.6H2O12g/L,Na2WO4.2H2O 48g/L,C2H4O3.2 H2O 60g/L,pH6.5,镀液温度70℃,电流密度1.8A/dm2.     

液相分散法制备Sn-Cd合金纳米微粒

在液相中依靠超声粉碎和剪切搅拌相结合的方法成功制备了Sn-Cd合金纳米微粒,并利用透射电子显微镜（TEM）、X-射线粉末衍射（XRD）、热分析（TG-DTA）等手段对合金纳米微粒的形貌和结构进行了表征,同时对合金纳米微粒用作润滑油添加剂的摩擦学性能进行了探讨.     

浅议框架结构中的钢筋混凝土短柱

地震作用是一种对结构的能量输入。当地震作用引起的构件截面内力超过结构相应的强度指标使结构开裂或钢筋屈服时，这对延性结构来说并不意味着结构破坏，它还能继续吸收和消耗地震能量，因此，延性结构具有较好的抗震性能。但是钢筋混凝土构件的剪切破坏是接近脆性性质的，剪切破坏先于延性结构的破坏，就不能使整个结构的延性性质得到充分发挥，因此要特别防止剪切破坏。     

钢筋增强超高韧性水泥基复合材料梁的剪切性能试验研究

目的：揭示不同剪跨比和配箍率的钢筋增强超高韧性水泥基复合材料（RUHTCC）梁的抗剪性能,为超高韧性水泥基复合材料（UHTCC）用于结构关键抗剪部位提供参考。方法：基于抗剪试验结果,阐明剪跨比和配箍率对RUHTCC梁抗剪性能的影响,明确UHTCC与箍筋之间的复合抗剪效应,揭示 RUHTCC 梁的抗剪机理。方法：以剪跨比和配箍率为变量参数,通过 RUHTCC梁在跨中集中荷载作用下的弯曲试验,研究RUHTCC 梁的剪切裂缝形态、荷载-挠度行为、破坏模式、开裂剪切强度和极限剪切强度等抗剪性能,并结合试验结果,分析 RUHTCC 梁的剪力传递机理。结论：1. RUHTCC梁呈现出优良的剪切抗力以及稳态的斜裂缝扩展过程和多缝剪切开裂行为。2.配置少量的箍筋可将典型的剪切破坏转变为较为延性的弯剪破坏甚至弯曲破坏。然而,箍筋的配置并未显著提高 RUHTCC 梁的抗剪能力,同时耦合UHTCC与箍筋也没有表现出协同抗剪效应。3.拉杆-拱模型和桁架-拱模型可用以描述RUHTCC短梁和细长梁的抗剪机理。     

散粒体介质剪切变形的宏观特征与细观机制北大核心

为了探究散粒体介质在剪切过程中的内部结构变化及细观变形破坏特征,开展了直剪数值模拟试验,对剪切过程中颗粒体系的变形特性进行研究。试验中观察了散粒体内部结构随外荷载的变形响应情况,分析了试样的应力应变及剪胀特征关系。结果表明:散粒体的剪切变形及破坏是一个累积增长的过程,颗粒试样具有明显的应变软化现象,且在剪切面附近发生局部化塑性变形,同时整体表现出剪胀性;剪切过程中试样的细观组构各向异性与剪应力的变化具有一致性;接触力链网络演化呈现出强力链发育且主要集中于剪切面区域内的规律;颗粒的接触平均配位数整体呈现出减小的规律。     

高应变率下Zr基非晶合金的单轴压缩断裂行为

采用分离式Hopkinson压杆装置(SHPB)和扫描电镜(SEM)技术研究了不同高应变率下Zr基非晶合金样品(Zr55Cu30Al10Ni5)的变形行为和断口形貌。研究发现与准静态压缩形变相比,高应变率水平(3400 s-1和1900 s-1)下,非晶合金样品断裂应力显著降低,最大降低约达40%。扫描电镜形貌观察表明,非晶合金的高速断裂发生在一条主剪切带上,主剪切面偏离45°最大切应力面。同时断口形貌为明显的脉络花样,并覆盖有大量液滴状和不规则形状熔融物,表明高应变率下断裂表面温升较准晶态断裂有所增加。     

预防综放面坚硬顶板超前剪切破坏方法

综放面开采过程中,坚硬顶板超前剪切破坏,会造成工作面台阶下沉,甚至工作面整体垮落.通过矿压观测,判断顶板来压方式,采取强制放顶,防止顶板剪切破坏.     

Assessment of Containment Structures Against Missile Impact Threats

In order to ensure the highest safety requirements, nuclear power plant structures (the containment structures, the fuel storages and transportation systems) should be assessed against all possible internal and external impact threats. The internal impact threats include kinetic missiles generated by the failure of high pressure vessels and pipes, the failure of high speed rotating machineries and accidental drops. The external impact threats may come from airborne missiles, aircraft impact, explosion blast and fragments. The impact effects of these threats on concrete and steel structures in a nuclear power plant are discussed. Methods and procedures for the impact assessment of nuclear power plants are introduced. Recent studies on penetration and perforation mechanics as well as progresses on dynamic properties of concrete-like materials are presented to increase the understanding of the impact effects on concrete containment structures.     

Failure Process and Energy Transmission for Single-Layer Reticulated Domes Under Impact Loads

No failure,moderate failure,severe failure,and slight failure are the four failure modes generalized observed in the dynamic response of the single-layer reticulated dome under vertical impact load on apex.TE (the time that the end of impact force) and 7F (the time that members are broken) are two key times in the failure process.Characteristics of dynamic responses at the two key times are shown in order to make the failure mechanism clear.Then three steps of energy transfer are summarized,i.e.energy applying,energy loss and energy transfer,energy consumption.Based on the three steps,energy transfer process for the failure reticulated dome under once impact is introduced.Energy transmissibility and local loss ratio are put forward firstly to obtain ELF (the energy left in the main reticulated dome) from the initial kinetic energy of impactor.Moreover,the distribution of failure modes is decided by ELF which leads to the maximum dynamic response of the reticulated dome,but not by the initial impact kinetic energy of impaetor.     

Failure Process and Energy Transmission for Single-Layer Reticulated Domes Under Impact Loads

No failure, moderate failure, severe failure, and slight failure are the four failure modes generalized observed in the dynamic response of the single-layer reticulated dome under vertical impact load on apex. TE (the time that the end of impact force) and TF (the time that members are broken) are two key times in the failure process. Characteristics of dynamic responses at the two key times are shown in order to make the failure mechanism clear. Then three steps of energy transfer are summarized, i.e. energy applying, energy loss and energy transfer, energy consump-tion. Based on the three steps, energy transfer process for the failure reticulated dome under once impact is introduced. Energy transmissibility and local loss ratio are put forward firstly to obtain EL F(the energy left in the main reticulated dome) from the initial kinetic energy of impactor. More-over, the distribution of failure modes is decided by EL F which leads to the maximum dynamic re-sponse of the reticulated dome, but not by the initial impact kinetic energy of impactor.     

冲击荷载作用下钢框架的动态响应分析

在冲击荷载作用下,钢框架结构的动态响应是一个复杂的非线性过程。运用ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立了钢框架的三维模型,对冲击荷载作用下钢框架的动态响应和破坏形态进行研究。采取多点积分算法,有效避免沙漏问题,保证计算结果精确。以冲击块与钢框架的碰撞冲击为例,研究了冲击速度、冲击块质量、冲击位置等参数对钢框架在横向冲击作用下动力响应的影响,并分析冲击荷载下钢框架的破坏形态。结果表明:冲击块的质量、速度、冲击位置的增加都会不同程度地加剧钢框架的动态响应;在冲击作用下,高应变主要出现在被冲击柱子的冲击区域、柱脚处和梁柱节点处;冲击荷载下钢框架的破坏形态为整个框架发生侧移,受冲击柱在冲击处翼缘出现局部屈曲,受冲击区域的截面发生弯扭,未受冲击柱出现倾斜。     

Failure Modes for Single-Layer Reticulated Domes Under Impact Loads

The paper presents the theory of Hamilton variation principle which is the current method for impact problem,central difference method which is efficient solution of finite element (FE)method for impact problem and adapts to solve non-linear dynamic problem.And it introduces the ANSYS/LS-DYNA which is the popular FE software for impact problem both at home and abroad.Then it gives solutions for one simple model by analytical method and ANSYS/LS-DYNA respectively to validate function of software,and they are consistent.Afterward,it gives model of singlelayer Kiewitt reticulated dome with a span of 60 m,and the cylinder impactor,and introduces the contact interface arithmetic,especially the material model of steel (piecewise linear plasticity model) which takes stain rate into account and makes steel failure stress higher under impact loads.The vertical displacement,stress in main members,and the plastic deformation for dome under impact loads were obtained.Then four failure modes (no failure,moderate failure,global failure and slight failure) were summarized according to the rules of dynamic response.And the characteristics of dynamic response for each failure mode were shown.     

铝合金焊接方法的研究现状

概述了铝合金几种先进的焊接方法:钨极氩弧焊、电子束焊、激光焊及搅拌摩擦焊。重点介绍了铝合金最有前途的固相连接方法——搅拌摩擦焊,并展望了铝合金搅拌摩擦焊的应用前景。指出搅拌摩擦焊是铝合金最好的连接工艺,应深入研究。     

Failure Modes for Single-Layer Reticulated Domes Under Impact Loads

The paper presents the theory of Hamilton variation principle which is the current method for impact problem, central difference method which is efficient solution of finite element (FE) method for impact problem and adapts to solve non-linear dynamic problem. And it introduces the ANSYS/LS-DYNA which is the popular FE software for impact problem both at home and abroad. Then it gives solutions for one simple model by analytical method and ANSYS/LS-DYNA respec-tively to validate function of software, and they are consistent. Afterward, it gives model of single-layer Kiewitt reticulated dome with a span of 60 m, and the cylinder impactor, and introduces the contact interface arithmetic, especially the material model of steel (piecewise linear plasticity model) which takes stain rate into account and makes steel failure stress higher under impact loads. The vertical displacement, stress in main members, and the plastic deformation for dome under impact loads were obtained. Then four failure modes (no failure, moderate failure, global failure and slight failure) were summarized according to the rules of dynamic response. And the characteristics of dynamic response for each failure mode were shown.     

Numerical simulation on dynamic bending strength of three-graded concrete beam based on meso-mechanics

To study the bending strength of mass concrete under dynamic loading, the pure bending zone of three-graded concrete beam is considered as a three-phase composite composed of matrix, aggregate and interface between them on meso-level. Dynamic constitutive model considering strain-rate strengthening effect and damage softening effect is adopted to describe the cocrete and meso-element's damage. The failure mechanisms of beam under impact loading, triagle wave load, dynamic load coupling with initial static loading were simulated by using displacement-controlled FEM. Furthermore, stress-strain curve of the specimens and their dynamic bending strength were obtained. The results obtained from numerical simulation agreed well with experimental data.     

热处理对A356合金力学性能的影响

通过对比实验研究了在相同Ti含量和相同钛硼比Wti/WB时,热处理对以不同加Ti、B方式（电解加钛,熔配加钛,钛盐加钛,电解加钛＋Al-B,熔配＋Al-Ti-B,钛盐加钛＋硼盐）配制的A356合金的冲击韧度的影响。结果表明：T5、T6热处理工艺较大提高了A356合金的强度,明显改善了A356合金的冲击韧度;T5、T6工艺对A356合金的强度、冲击韧度的影响差别较小,T6略优;不同的加钛方式对A356合金冲击韧度有显著的影响,电解加钛合金表现出比其他加钛方式具有更好的韧度。