Children’s Reading Comprehension and Oral Reading Fluency in Easy Text

This study explored third-graders’ oral reading fluency (ORF) in easy text in relation to their third- and fourth-grade reading comprehension. It also examined the children’s performance on two different measures of text exposure, a self-report questionnaire and a title-recognition test. Although third-graders’ ORF related significantly to their reading comprehension, oral language comprehension accounted for most of the variance in reading comprehension, whereas single word reading speed accounted for most of the variance in ORF. Third-grade reading comprehension and ORF each predicted unique variance in children’s scores on a fourth-grade state-mandated reading comprehension assessment. Scores on the self-report questionnaire correlated significantly with third-grade ORF and fourth-grade reading; the self-report accounted for reliable variance in ORF even with all of the other reading ability variables entered first. Results are consistent with the viewpoint that text exposure affects reading fluency. They also demonstrate that ORF is a valuable predictor of middle-elementary children’s reading comprehension, even when the ORF measure employs very easy text in which children achieve near-perfect word accuracy.     

英语阅读中的词汇问题与在上下文中猜词的策略

在阅读英语过程中,难免会碰到一些陌生的单词,为了能更好地理解所读材料,如何处理这些生词是很重要的。一直以来,生词的辨认与猜测是阻碍英语阅读的一个瓶颈。对此,我们需要一些技巧,并将这此技巧综合运用到阅读中去。本文就阅读中碰到的生词问题,学生的识词过程,猜测生词所应遵循的步骤,以及如何有效地从上下文中猜测生词的含义等方面进行了系统的阐述。     

词汇潜能开发与阅读能力的培养

长期以来，人们总以为阅读能力取决于词汇量，其实这种提法不够准确。词汇量与阅读能力是否成正比，取决于词汇的积累过程，单纯地背单词难于相应提高阅读能力，只有通过阅读才能使词汇量与阅读能力协调发展。在阅读过程中进行词汇潜能训练，可以使学生在现有的词汇量基础上，能动地运用自己已有知识、经验和认知策略，最大限度地发挥自己的阅读能力。     

词汇知识与英语阅读能力的关系

以108名非英语专业大学本科生为研究对象,考查了词汇量、词汇深度与阅读能力的关系。运用SPSS11.0对测试数据做了相关性分析,结果表明:(l)词汇量、词汇深度和阅读间存在高度正相关关系;(2)词汇深度与阅读的相关程度大于词汇量与阅读的相关程度;(3)在所考查的词汇深度指标中,同义词和阅读的相关度最高,其次是形名搭配,再次是反义词,但动名搭配和阅读间没有发现显著性的相关关系。     

Influence of Verbal Working Memory Depends on Vocabulary: Oral Reading Fluency in Adolescents With Dyslexia

Most research on dyslexia to date has focused on early childhood, while comparatively little is known about the nature of dyslexia in adolescence. The current study had two objectives. The first was to investigate the relative contributions of several cognitive and linguistic factors to connected‐text oral reading fluency in a sample of adolescents with dyslexia (n = 77). The second was to test the hypothesis that the effect of verbal working memory on connected‐text oral reading fluency is moderated by word‐level skills and/or vocabulary knowledge. The results suggest that many deficits associated with childhood dyslexia remain prominent in adolescence, but the nature of the relationships between key cognitive and linguistic predictors (i.e., word‐level reading, vocabulary, verbal working memory) and reading fluency appear to be different in adolescence. For example, while word‐level skills remain a significant predictor, the strength of the effect is relatively weak. In contrast, the data support an increased role for vocabulary and verbal working memory, including an interaction between these factors. The presence of an interaction can be interpreted as evidence that the influence of verbal working memory on connected‐text oral reading fluency in adolescents with dyslexia depends on individual differences in vocabulary knowledge. These results offer support for the changing nature of dyslexia across development, and suggest that researchers should study dyslexia in adolescents on its own terms, rather than treating it as an extension of reading problems in early childhood.     

Relations Among Oral Reading Fluency,Silent Reading Fluency,and Reading Comprehension: A Latent Variable Study of First-Grade Readers

In the present study, we examined oral and silent reading fluency and their relations with reading comprehension. In a series of structural equation models with latent variables using data from 316 first-grade students, (a) silent and oral reading fluency were found to be related yet distinct forms of reading fluency, (b) silent reading fluency predicted reading comprehension better for skilled readers than for average readers, (c) list reading fluency predicted reading comprehension better for average readers than for skilled readers, and (d) listening comprehension predicted reading comprehension better for skilled readers than for average readers.     

英语听力、词汇和阅读理解的应试技巧

分析了英语考试中听力、词汇和阅读理解三方面试题的考试重点和难点,通过解析典型例题,提出了具体的应试技巧,认为在英语考试中解决听力、词汇和阅读理解这三类题型时,有针对性的掌握一些答题的技巧和方法不仅可以提高回答问题的效率,更能够提高考试的质量,达到事半功倍的效果。     

流畅阅读与大学英语阅读障碍克服

英语阅读能力是大学生应该具有的主要的大学英语综合运用能力,是打好语言基础,获取信息的重要手段。文章探讨了流畅阅读的特点,以及大学英语阅读存在的障碍,并提出克服大学阅读障碍的方法。     

英语词汇知识的广度和深度在阅读理解中的作用

文章旨在探讨在外语环境下,英语词汇知识(包括广度与深度两个层面)与阅读理解之间的关系。121名学生参加了本研究的词汇广度、词汇深度、构词知识及阅读理解等四项测试。运用相关关系、多元回归等统计方法对所有数据进行分析,结果表明:(1)词汇量、词汇深度与阅读理解之间存在着高度正相关;(2)除了词汇量可以预测阅读成绩外,词汇深度在预测阅读成绩中也起着非常重要的作用。本研究的发现不仅证实了词汇知识的广度在阅读中的作用,而且使我们认识到词汇知识的深度在外语学习过程中的重要意义。     

Examining the Effects and Feasibility of a Teacher-Implemented Tier 1 and Tier 2 Intervention in Word Reading,Fluency, and Comprehension

This study investigates the effects and feasibility of an intervention for first-grade students at risk for reading difficulties or disabilities (RD). The intervention was provided by general education classroom teachers and consisted of 15 min whole-class comprehension lessons (Tier 1) and 30 min Tier 2 intervention sessions in word reading, comprehension, and text reading. First-grade teachers (n = 21), with 4–5 students at risk for reading difficulties and potential reading disability were randomly assigned to treatment or typical practice comparison conditions. Significant group differences were detected on all measures of word reading, decoding, and fluency. Effect sizes were educationally important for all measures of word reading, decoding, and reading comprehension; however, effects on standardized measures were smaller than those in prior studies with similar students in which intervention was typically provided outside the regular classroom. An exploratory analysis indicated that students at different parts of the pretest and posttest distributions responded more and less positively to the intervention, providing insights that may help guide future revisions. The study provides preliminary evidence of the intervention's promise for positively impacting student outcomes.     

The Relations Among Oral and Silent Reading Fluency and Comprehension in Middle School: Implications for Identification and Instruction of Students With Reading Difficulties

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relations among oral and silent reading fluency and reading comprehension for students in Grades 6 to 8 (n = 1,421) and the use of fluency scores to identify middle school students who are at risk for failure on a high-stakes reading test. Results indicated moderate positive relations between measures of fluency and comprehension. Oral reading fluency (ORF) on passages was more strongly related to reading comprehension than ORF on word lists. A group-administered silent reading sentence verification test approximated the classification accuracy of individually administered ORF passages. The correlation between a maze task and comprehension was weaker than has been reported for elementary students. The best predictor of a high-stakes reading comprehension test was the previous year's administration of the grade-appropriate test; fluency and verbal knowledge measures accounted for only small amounts of unique variance beyond that accounted for by the previous year's administration.     

英语词汇知识广度与阅读能力的相关性

本项研究就高职院校三年级学生的词汇知识广度及其与阅读能力的相关性进行了统计分析。结果表明，88％的学生的词汇知识广度平均为1472个，离启动词汇3000的标准相差甚远，该样本的词汇知识广度和阅读能力存在正相关关系。给我们的教学启示是，高职院校学生具有二语习得失败的典型特征，值得深入探讨。     

Construct Equivalence of PISA Reading Comprehension Measured With Paper‐Based and Computer‐Based Assessments

For many years, reading comprehension in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) was measured via paper‐based assessment (PBA). In the 2015 cycle, computer‐based assessment (CBA) was introduced, raising the question of whether central equivalence criteria required for a valid interpretation of the results are fulfilled. As an extension of the PISA 2012 main study in Germany, a random subsample of two intact PISA reading clusters, either computerized or paper‐based, was assessed using a random group design with an additional within‐subject variation. The results are in line with the hypothesis of construct equivalence. That is, the latent cross‐mode correlation of PISA reading comprehension was not significantly different from the expected correlation between the two clusters. Significant mode effects on item difficulties were observed for a small number of items only. Interindividual differences found in mode effects were negatively correlated with reading comprehension, but were not predicted by basic computer skills or gender. Further differences between modes were found with respect to the number of missing values.     

论英语阅读理解能力的提高及其理论依据

阅读理解是一个很大而又敏感的议题,做这方面研究的人很多。文章主要从影响英语阅读理解的因素出发,提出分析语境线索有利于提高英语阅读能力的理论依据,旨在抛砖引玉。     

Impact of a Technology-Mediated Reading Intervention on Adolescents' Reading Comprehension

In this experimental study we examined the effects of a technology-mediated, multicomponent reading comprehension intervention, Comprehension Circuit Training (CCT), for middle school students, the majority of whom were struggling readers. The study was conducted in three schools, involving three teachers and 228 students. Using a within-teacher design, middle school teachers' reading classes were randomly assigned to treatment (n = 9) or business as usual (n = 7) conditions. In the CCT condition, students received, on average, 39 lessons of video-modeled instruction in word reading, vocabulary, and comprehension instruction during reading intervention classes. Results of multilevel structural equation models indicated statistically significant effects favoring the CCT condition on three measures: reading comprehension latent variable (ES = 0.14), proximal vocabulary (ES = 0.43), and silent reading efficiency (ES = 0.28). Subgroup analyses indicated that students with lower entry-level reading comprehension tended to benefit more from the CCT intervention in reading comprehension, silent reading efficiency, and state test scores.     

内容图式对ESL阅读及其策略使用的影响

文章运用定量方法研究了以图片形式提供给学生的内容图式对学生阅读理解的促进作用。研究结果表明:为受试提供图片提示后,他们能够主动应用预测、联系先前知识等阅读策略,从而弥补了二语阅读的语言障碍,较好的理解了高于他们英语水平的文章。因此图式提示对学生的阅读理解具有良好的促进作用,并且可以有效引导学生阅读策略的使用。     

词汇广度和句法知识对二语阅读理解的预测

基于阅读组合模式的理论框架、Nation提出的词汇广度测试构念和结构语言学家对于句法知识的界定,考察词汇广度和句法知识对二语阅读理解测试成绩的预测,以了解此预测是否受二语水平的调节作用。实验结果表明：受试的词汇广度和句法知识都与其阅读理解测试成绩存在线性相关关系;无论对于高水平受试还是低水平受试,句法知识对阅读理解测试成绩的预测能力都大于词汇广度对其的预测。     

Evaluating Model Fit With Ordered Categorical Data Within a Measurement Invariance Framework: A Comparison of Estimators

A paucity of research has compared estimation methods within a measurement invariance (MI) framework and determined if research conclusions using normal-theory maximum likelihood (ML) generalizes to the robust ML (MLR) and weighted least squares means and variance adjusted (WLSMV) estimators. Using ordered categorical data, this simulation study aimed to address these queries by investigating 342 conditions. When testing for metric and scalar invariance, Δχ² results revealed that Type I error rates varied across estimators (ML, MLR, and WLSMV) with symmetric and asymmetric data. The Δχ² power varied substantially based on the estimator selected, type of noninvariant indicator, number of noninvariant indicators, and sample size. Although some the changes in approximate fit indexes (ΔAFI) are relatively sample size independent, researchers who use the ΔAFI with WLSMV should use caution, as these statistics do not perform well with misspecified models. As a supplemental analysis, our results evaluate and suggest cutoff values based on previous research.     

Oral Reading Fluency as an Indicator of Reading Competence: A Theoretical,Empirical, and Historical Analysis

The purpose of this article is to consider oral reading fluency as an indicator of overall reading competence. We begin by examining theoretical arguments for supposing that oral reading fluency may reflect overall reading competence. We then summarize several studies substantiating this phenomenon. Next, we provide an historical analysis of the extent to which oral reading fluency has been incorporated into measurement approaches during the past century. We conclude with recommendations about the assessment of oral reading fluency for research and practice.     

二语词汇习得的自动化程度及其对阅读能力的影响

二语词汇习得经历从控制过程到自动化过程的阶段。词汇能力发展的维度划分为词汇知识的广度、词汇知识的深度、词汇知识运用的精确度和词汇知识运用的自动化程度四个维度二语词汇习得的自动化程度对二语的阅读和其他能力起着重要的影响作用。