风能资源评估中地表粗糙度的研究

利用内蒙东部草原接近1年4层风速廓线资料,采用最常用的两类方法（拟合对数风廓线法和Davenport土地类型系统划分法）,结合风能资源利用的特点,来估算该地区地表粗糙度长度。选取10分钟平均风速50m高度大于6m／s时刻的数据,因为50m高度平均风速6m／s以下的时,轮毂高度为80m的风机只能产生少量不稳定的风能。这样挑选数据能够有效地减少粗糙度长度评估中的离散范围。拟合对数风廓线,发现该地区地表粗糙度长度有明显月份和季节变化,夏秋植被茂盛期和冬春植被枯萎期粗糙度长度分别为0．138m和0．088m;细微的地形起伏也会对粗糙度的评估造成影响。两类方法估算的粗糙度长度大致相当,且估算的风能密度只相差2％左右。Davenport法对比较平坦的地形进行粗糙度评估,具有一定的应用参考价值。     

带状留茬间作防风蚀效应风洞模拟试验研究

通过风洞模拟试验,探讨了不同带宽的小麦留茬带与马铃薯裸露带等带宽间作后农田土壤的防风蚀效果。研究表明,在带宽为1m、1．5m、2m的小带宽间作条件下,当风洞中心风速为9m／s、植被覆盖度为30％、残茬高度为30cm时,残茬带保护相邻裸露带的效果最佳,其保护的有效范围均是背风侧距残茬带与裸露带交界处3／4裸露带范围内;残茬高度越小,则不同带宽的残茬带保护相邻裸露带的有效范围就减小。     

农田防护林防风蓄水保墒效果研究

在旱作区采用随机确定测点的方法,对典型农田防护林减低风速,减少土壤水分蒸发消耗的状况进行测试。结果表明：在林带背风面20H（H为林带高度m）范围内,平均风速为旷野风速的67.4%,比旷野风速减低32.6%;0-10cm土壤含水量比旷野土壤含水量提高9.4%。建设、完善农田防护林体系,是防止旱、风、雹、霜等灾害,改善农业生态环境,发展＂三高一优＂持续农业的重要措施。     

冷湖天文台址气象要素垂直变化特征分析

根据冷湖赛什腾山天文台址GPS探空试验数据,分析了冬夏季高空大气温湿层结构及风速风向垂直分布特征。结果显示,冷湖赛什腾山天文台址夏季温度垂直变化率为0.43℃/100 m,冬季为0.84℃/100 m,冬季温度垂直变化明显较夏季剧烈,且冬季逆温层高度较夏季普遍较低,但出现频次较高。冬夏季湿度在地表至500 hPa均随海拔升高呈逐渐增大,并在500 hPa附近达到最大值,其后呈逐渐减小趋势,其中夏季湿度变化较冬季显著。近地层的风速受地形地貌影响,随海拔高度升高变化显著,高空风速变化较平稳。对比赛什腾山顶和冷湖国家基准气候站两地放球记录分析风向得出：650 hPa山顶风向较冷湖站不稳定,500 hPa以上两地风向变化趋于一致。     

雅鲁藏布江流域NDVI时空变化及其与降水和高程的关系

利用2001-2012年MODIS NDVI月数据,基于趋势分析法和Hurst指数法分析了雅鲁藏布江流域植被覆盖的时空分布及其变化规律,并采用基于像元的空间统计方法,结合TRMM月降水数据和SRTM DEM数据定量分析了NDVI与降水和高程的关系。结果表明:①雅鲁藏布江流域内NDVI整体上从上游到下游逐渐增大,近12年间流域NDVI较为稳定;②流域NDVI改善的面积大于退化的面积,总体上呈现缓慢上升趋势,但这种趋势的持续性呈现显著的空间差异;③流域NDVI与降水之间存在较为明显的正相关,其决定系数为0.496,NDVI随降水增加的速度约为0.052/100mm。当年降水量超过1 000mm时,年均NDVI平均值为0.686;④流域NDVI与高程呈现明显的负相关,其决定系数为0.574,NDVI随高程的递减率约为-0.016/100m。当高程2000m时,年均NDVI平均值为0.8左右。     

基于模型模拟的NDVI对叶片生化组分参数的敏感性及叶绿素估算

归一化植被指数(NDVI)能够反映绿色植物的生长状况、监测作物长势,并与叶片尺度和冠层尺度的植被生化参数密切相关。研究方法主要是通过PROSAIL模型来分析NDVI的敏感性。在叶片尺度上,对NDVI变化的敏感性最高的参数是叶绿素含量(Cab),其次是叶肉结构参数(N);而干物质含量(Cm)和含水量(Cw)变化的敏感性较弱。在冠层尺度,NDVI对叶面积指数(LAI)的敏感性最高,其次是观测天顶角(VZA);叶倾角分布(LAD)和太阳高度角对NDVI的敏感性也较大。2017年5月16～18日野外实验采集数据及冬小麦叶片,通过实验室测得叶绿素浓度,结合2017年5月15日河北省石家庄市栾城区Landsat OLI影像,计算出采样点小麦的NDVI,建立叶绿素含量估算模型,生成栾城区冬小麦叶绿素含量分布图,得到研究区叶绿素浓度大部分在30～70μg·cm~(-2)。     

1982年至2003年藏北高原草地生态系统NDVI与气候因子的相关分析

本文利用1982年～2003年GIMMS每15d合成的归一化植被指数(Normalized Difference VegetationIndex,NDVI)数据集和藏北高原8个气象站1981年～2003年逐月气象资料,用相关分析研究了NDVI与6个气候因子的相关性及其时气候因子的时滞响应情况,同时计算了气温、降水和风速3个气候因子与NDVI的偏相关系数.结果表明:①除噶尔和改则之外,6个站的NDVI与同期月均气温、月均最高气温、月均最低气温、月均相对湿度和月降水量都呈高度正相关(P<0.001),其中与月均最低气温的相关性最好,NDVI与当月降水量的相关系数为那曲>索县>安多>当雄>班戈>申扎;月均风速与藏北高原草地NDVI呈高度负相关(P<0.001;当雄除外,为D<0.05);②NDVI对气温和降水的响应有滞后效应:改则和噶尔NDVI对气温滞后3个月,其它6个站滞后1个月;噶尔NDVI对降水的滞后期为2个月,其它7个站均滞后1个月;申扎和改则(噶尔)NDVI对空气湿度分别滞后1和2个月,其它5个站无滞后;那曲、安多、班戈和申扎NDVI对降水的累积滞后期为1个月,当雄和索县为2个月,改则和噶尔为4个月,NDVI对降水响应的累积滞后相关系数从东到西呈降低趋势;③除改则和噶尔之外的6个站NDVI变化受气温的影响大于降水;在气温-降水-风速组合下,除改则和噶尔之外的6个站NDVI第一相关因子仍是气温,但索县、那曲、班戈和申扎属于气温-风速-降水驱动型,安多和当雄属于气温-降水-风速驱动型.藏北草地NDVI与气候因子的相关性受植被类型、海拔、年降水量和年平均风速的影响.     

南方丘陵山地带NDVI时空变化及其驱动因子分析

本文利用MODIS归一化植被指数(Normailized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI)数据对南方丘陵山地带2000-2010年间植被覆盖的年际动态、季相变化和空间差异进行研究,并结合气象因子和土地利用/覆被数据分析植被覆盖变化的原因。研究表明:南方丘陵山地带植被NDVI值较高,属高植被覆盖区。2000-2010年间植被NDVI整体呈上升趋势,但并不显著(p=0.45)。从不同植被类型的季相变化来看,草地的变化幅度最大,其次为灌丛,森林植被变化幅度最小,生长峰值主要出现在8、9月份。植被覆盖变化存在显著的空间差异,封山育林、退耕还林还草生态恢复区和石漠化综合治理区的植被覆盖度显著提高,城镇化迅速发展区植被明显退化。植被覆盖变化是气候和人类活动共同作用的结果。植被覆盖年际变化与气候因子年际变化的相关系数区域分异比较明显。降水量对植被覆盖的影响主要表现在对植被生长年内变动的控制,大部分植被生长对降水存在1个月滞后现象。农业生产的提高、城市化进程的加速及生态建设的重视等人类活动是影响植被覆盖变化空间差异的另一重要因素。     

2001年至2010年澜沧江流域植被覆盖动态变化分析

本文利用2001年-2010年MODIS09Q1数据,基于遥感和地理信息系统技术,建立近10a澜沧江流域NDVI时序数据集。并利用最大值合成法、一元线性回归方法、Hurst指数方法分析近10a澜沧江流域植被的时空变化。结果表明：①多年平均的植被指数有明显的空间差异性,随着纬度的升高而降低,在北纬27.6～29.2°存在一个明显的过渡带;且与高程和坡度均呈负相关关系,植被指数随着高程升高而降低的趋势较明显,高程大于5000m的区域NDVI平均值仅为0.18;②近10a来,澜沧江流域植被总体呈现增加趋势,但增加速率和增加幅度存在区域差异,上游地区植被覆盖增加最快且幅度最大,中游次之,下游最低;③2001年-2010年澜沧江流域植被覆盖整体得到改善的区域面积明显大于退化区域;澜沧江流域Hurst指数分析表明澜沧江流域植被变化将保持现在的趋势;综合分析slope和Hurst指数结果,表明NDVI变化趋势以良性发展为主,但NDVI强持续性的退化区和弱持续性的改善区域值得关注。     

中国近海风能资源开发潜力数值模拟

为了解我国近海风能资源分布状况,本文运用数值模拟手段对中国近海风况进行了高分辨率的研究:①运用中国气象局开发的风能资源数值模拟评估系统(Wind Energy Resource Assessment System,WERAS)中的MM5/Calmet模式对沿海2009年1月-5月逐日模拟计算,并将模拟结果与测风塔资料进行对比,结果表明:月平均风速、逐时风速和风向以及风能参数的分布形态与观测资料均比较吻合,因此认为该模式系统可以用来对我国沿海风能资源进行可靠的数值模拟评估;②运用WERAS对我国沿海20年(1986年-2005年)平均风资源进行1km×(200～400)W/m2,附近海域的多年平均风功率密度约在(300～800)W/m2之间;福建省的风能资源特别丰富,其次是1km分辨率的计算,结果显示:我国沿海风能资源非常丰富,沿海各省70m高度的陆上多年平均风功率密度基本在辽宁省、浙江省和广东省,然后是山东省、河北省、天津市和上海市,最后是江苏省、海南省和广西省;③进一步分析了我国沿海离岸风速变化:辽东半岛东部海域、渤海湾、江苏南部到浙江北部沿海、广州雷州半岛东部海域的风速在离岸后70～85km处不再变化,广西和海南近海风速在离岸后30～40km处基本稳定,其余近海海域风速稳定线基本在离岸50km处。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

Low doses of a red wine ingredient figh diabetes in mice

Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Molecular motor assembly of a biomimetic system

Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence