用尺寸链分析法解孔、轴配合的选用

本通过对互换性中孔轴配合选用法和尺寸链分析法的对比，找出两的规律和联系，提出了用尺寸链分析法来解决孔轴配合的选用问题，以达到两的统一。     

The Software Process: A Parallel Approach through Problem Solving and Program Development

First-year computer science students are receiving early introduction to the software process through a problem solving and program development approach. We present a methodology that addresses the needs and difficulties of students learning programming, incorporating the tasks required for solving problems and writing programs. This approach allows for incremental exposure to the complex field of software engineering, consistent with the level of the introductory computing course, while providing the learner with fundamental skills applicable to other domains. The correlation between the software process and the problem solving/program development approach is also demonstrated.     

Development of a Framework for Analysing Mathematical Problem Solving Behaviours

The taxonomy described in this paper was developed to investigate the process of mathematical problem solving in terms of definable behaviours. It was also used as an instrument to classify and encode behaviours in their sequence of observed occurrence during the process of mathematical problem solving. It is a behavioural analysis framework formulated to examine the “thinking-aloud” protocols of individuals for comprehensive information about the problem solving process itself, the individual differences in the behaviours of subjects and the strategies applied by each in dealing with non-routine mathematical problems.     

冲突情境对大学生解决简单应用题的影响:一项眼动研究

采用变化应用题,考察冲突情境是否影响大学生对简单应用题的信息加工.研究设计了两种情境:冲突与非冲突情境.28名大学生参加了实验,结果表明,从解题成绩来看,冲突情境对大学生解决简单应用题没有显著影响.但是从眼动指标来看,冲突情境与非冲突情境差异显著.说明大学生在解决简单应用题时,仍需要构建情境模型.     

Multimedia Effect in Problem Solving: A Meta-Analysis

Pictures are commonly used to represent problems. However, it is unclear how the addition of pictures affects students’ problem-solving performance. The multimedia effect in problem solving describes the phenomenon whereby an individual’s problem-solving performance is enhanced when equivalent pictures are added to illustrate or replace part of the problem text. Using meta-analytic techniques, this study sought to determine the overall size of the multimedia effect in problem solving and the possible boundary conditions (k = 51; N = 38,987; Range n = 10 – 31,842; Median n = 63). The results showed a significant small-to-medium multimedia effect size on response accuracy (Hedges’s g = 0.32) and a significant medium-to-large multimedia effect size on students’ response certainty (Hedges’s g = 0.74), but no significant multimedia effect on response time. The results for the effects of decorative pictures were not sufficient for a reliable interpretation. Representational (Hedges’s g = 0.24) and organizational (Hedges’s g = 0.52) pictures had a significant and positive impact on response accuracy, but informational or multiple pictures across studies did not have a significant aggregate effect on an individual’s response accuracy. These findings suggest that the multimedia effect in problem solving is diverse and limited by multiple boundary conditions. Further primary studies are needed to further investigate the multimedia effect in problem solving.

     

在环境问题的解决中实现人的全面发展

资本主义生产方式淡化了人的发展,导致了严重的环境问题。在现实上,我们应该以科学发展观为指导,通过弘扬人的主体性、体现人的根本利益,铲除资本主义私有制等途径解决环境问题,实现人的全面发展。     

集合覆盖问题的分散搜索算法

集合覆盖问题的搜索算法有着广泛的应用.本文提出了一个有效求解集合覆盖问题的分散搜索算法,该算法根据集合覆盖问题的特点,以及参考集的产生方法和更新方法,并采用45个标准测试例子测试此算法,通过数值实验结果与遗传算法、基因文化算法的比较,结果表明了此算法是有效的.     

问题解决的一个新框架

问题解决是心理学研究中许多理论性分析的主题。执行功能是认知和发展研究中新近兴起的一个备受关注的研究领域。它对于研究思维和行为的意识控制具有重要意义。文章概述国外新近提出的关于问题解决的一个新框架 ,以及在此框架基础上对执行功能结构进行研究的新近成果和研究方法     

浅析2005年高考中动量与能量的综合考题

本文主要介绍运用数学工具来解决极值问题的几种方法，供大家参考。     

从“应用题”到“解决问题”——小学数学解决问题的教育价值与教学研究

从应用题到解决问题,这绝不仅是名称上的变化.弄清楚这其中变化的实质,有助于我们更好地继承应用题教学宝贵的、成功的经验,也有助于我们更好地开展解决问题的教学.该文立足于应用题和解决问题的内涵,探讨解决问题的教育价值,并结合当今小学数学教学实际,提出了解决问题的教学建议.     

一种求解 NCP 问题的信赖域-SQP -filter 算法

先将非线性互补问题（NCP ）转化为与其等价且有可行解的辅助问题,再将引入了信赖域方法思想的SQP方法与Filter技术相结合,提出一种求解NCP问题的信赖域-SQP-filter算法,并讨论了解的存在性和算法的全局收敛性。数值结果表明我们的算法是有效并收敛的。     

Cognitive Variables in Problem Solving: A Nonlinear Approach

We employ tools of complexity theory to examine the effect of cognitive variables, such as working-memory capacity, degree of field dependence–independence, developmental level and the mobility–fixity dimension. The nonlinear method correlates the subjects rank-order achievement scores with each cognitive variable. From the achievement scores in organic-synthesis problems of various mental demands, rank-order sequences of the subjects, according to their scores, were generated, and in the place of each subject, his/her score was replaced by the value of the corresponding cognitive variable. Then each sequence was mapped onto a one-dimensional random walk, and when treated as a dynamic flow, was found to possess fractal geometry, with characteristics depending on the complexity of the problem. The findings were interpreted using concepts from complexity theory, such as order, correlation exponents, and entropy. The method provides meaningful results and adds to the understanding of information processing and the role of cognitive variables within the frame of predictive models in problem solving. Although the method is applied to a particular kind of problems (chemical, organic-synthesis problems), it can be generalized to other problems, not only in chemistry, but also in other sciences and in mathematics. Finally, the educational implications are discussed.     

Facilitating Flexible Problem Solving: A Cognitive Load Perspective

The development of flexible, transferable problem-solving skills is an important aim of contemporary educational systems. Since processing limitations of our mind represent a major factor influencing any meaningful learning, the acquisition of flexible problem-solving skills needs to be based on known characteristics of our cognitive architecture in order to be effective and efficient. This paper takes a closer look at the processes involved in the acquisition of flexible problem-solving skills within a cognitive load framework. It concludes that (1) cognitive load theory can benefit from putting more emphasis on generalized knowledge structures; (2) there are tradeoffs between generality and power with respect to specific versus generalized knowledge structures; (3) generalized knowledge structures of “medium” generality are essential for flexible expertise; and (4) cognitive load theory could provide a valuable framework for considering essential attributes of flexible expertise.     

一个求解非线性互补问题的光滑化全局收敛性算法

求解非线性互补问题的一种方法是将其转化为非光滑方程组。本文通过引进一个基于Fischer-Burmeister函数的光滑NCP函数[8],建立了求解P0函数非线性互补问题的一个新的光滑牛顿算法。这个算法在每步迭代中只需要解一个光滑方程且不要求给出具体光滑因子下降的过程。在一定的条件下,证明了该算法的全局收敛性。数值试验表明该算法是有效的.     

用对称法解一竞赛题

本文就"对称法"解答物理问题作了阐述,并运用其解答竞赛试题,有一定参考意义。     

用导数解决经济中的最优化问题

文章从三个方面阐述导数在经济最优化方面的应用：1、利润最大化2、合理利用资源3、费用节省,并通过一些有代表性的例子说明导数在经济管理中的重要作用。     

求一类优化问题全局解的线性化方法

对广泛应用于金融及经济等实际问题中的一类带有多乘积约束的线性规划问题提出一种全局优化算法.利用对数的性质和线性化技术,建立了问题的等价问题的松弛线性规划,并通过对可行域的细分以及一系列求解过程的讨论,从理论上证明了算法收敛到问题的全局最优解,并用数值结果验证了方法的可行性.     

The Problem of Sophomoritis: An Educational Proposal

Abstract

‘Sophomoritis’ is identified as a period of adolescent development concerned primarily with raising all kinds of moral questions but also doubting all answers. It is suggested that this questioning often manifests itself in the form of uncritical relativism and naive egoism, and that it is potentially dangerous in that it is elevated to the status of an absolute external moral authority instead of a means to restructuring a new form of moral judgment. Criticism is leveled at educational institutions for implicitly supporting sophomoritis, particularly through ‘Introductory Ethics’ courses. A proposal is made for a course which instead utilizes the students’ natural development, together with the conceptual perspectives of moral philosophy, to stimulate development towards a principled form of moral autonomy.     

数学问题解决系统案例分析及启示

近年来,学生的"数学问题解决"能力越来越受到重视,我国已将学生的数学问题解决能力作为数学的教学目标之一。在信息技术迅猛发展的今天,如何借助信息技术和人工智能更好地帮助学生提高问题解决能力成为我国研究者亟待解决的一个问题。文章介绍了在美国取得较好反响的两个问题解决系统——贾斯珀系列和IMMEX系统,并分析了这两套系统各自的特点,最后为建设更加完善的数学问题解决系统提出了自己的建议。     

运输问题求解的一种内点算法

文章提出了运输问题内点算法的基本理论和一般步骤,该算法从运输问题可行域的内部出发,沿着中心路径的方向,通过反复迭代寻找运输问题的近似最优解．