Characteristics of Brazilian innovative firms: An empirical analysis based on PINTEC—industrial research on technological innovation

The present paper reports on an effort to characterize Brazilian innovative firms. The characterization of the firms was based on the data from PINTEC-2000 (Industrial Research on Technological Innovation-2000). A non-parametric statistical procedure was employed which informed, in a decreasing order, that the four major predictors of innovation were exporting orientation, firm size, foreign capital origin, and inter-industry differences. The main determinants of whether firms introduced a new process in the market were foreign or mixed capital origin, sector effect, and export orientation. When the introduction of new products in the market was assessed, the major determinants were export orientation and foreign capital origin.     

University spin-out companies and venture capital

The creation of university spin-out companies that create wealth is a major policy objective of governments and universities. Finance is a catalyst of this wealth creation yet access to venture capital is a major impediment faced by these companies. In this article we adopt a finance pecking order perspective to examine the problems faced by those university spin-out companies seeking to access venture capital. We triangulate evidence from spin-out companies, university technology transfer offices and venture capital firms in the UK and Continental Europe to identify the problems and to suggest policy developments for these parties as well as government. We compare perceptions of high-tech venture capital firms that invest in spin-outs with those that do not, and also consider VCs’ views on spin-outs versus other high-tech firms. Our evidence identifies a mismatch between the demand and supply side of the market. In line with the pecking order theory, venture capitalists prefer to invest after the seed stage. However, in contrast to the pecking order theory, TTOs see venture capital as more important than internal funds early on. We develop policy implications for universities, technology transfer offices, academic entrepreneurs, venture capital firms and government and suggest areas for further research.     

The interplay of cognitive and relational social capital dimensions in university-industry collaboration: Overcoming the experience barrier

The use of university-industry collaboration in the innovation process is viewed as a major driver of firm competitiveness. The organizational dynamics underlying successful external relationships, however, remain poorly understood. Using longitudinal case studies of 15 innovation projects, we examine how firms with varying degrees of experience in collaborating with universities and public research organizations rely on different social capital dimensions to achieve successful collaborations. We find that experienced firms establish external collaborations on the basis of cognitive social capital, but this basis is reinforced by relational social capital over time. Conversely, less experienced firms initially base their university collaborations on relational social capital, which is reinforced by cognitive social capital over time. Based on these findings, we theorize on the interplay of different dimensions of social capital in university-industry collaborations over time. Our study has important implications for the management of collaborative innovation projects. In particular, it provides guidance to enable less experienced firms to develop successful collaborations with university partners.     

The role of data for AI startup growth

Artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled products are expected to drive economic growth. Training data are important for firms developing AI-enabled products; without training data, firms cannot develop or refine their algorithms. This is particularly the case for AI startups developing new algorithms and products. However, there is no consensus in the literature on which aspects of training data are most important. Using unique survey data of AI startups, we find a positive correlation between having proprietary training data and obtaining future venture capital funding. Moreover, this correlation is greater for startups in markets where data is a major advantage and for startups using more sophisticated algorithms, such as neural networks and ensemble learning.     

Trends and Prospects in Venture and Angel Investments in New Media Companies

How do 'new media' or Internet-related companies raise external equity capital? In this paper, I analyze two markets that entrepreneurs of private Internet-related businesses use in the US to raise equity: the venture capital market and the market for 'angel' capital. Both markets appear to be important sources of capital for private Internet-related firms. In this paper, I try to shed some light on how these markets operate with respect to investments in Internet-related companies. In particular, using data from PricewaterhouseCoopers' MoneyTree Survey, I analyze trends in venture capital investments in Internet-related companies and make comparisons with venture investments in non-Internet-related firms. In addition, I use information and data on the angel market to investigate how important the market for angel capital is likely to be as a source of capital for Internet-related businesses. In doing so I draw on ongoing and new research by myself and others into the operation of these markets. Finally, I make some cautious predictions about how the future prospects for raising money from these two sources are likely to evolve for Internet-related firms.     

创业投资对制造企业创新的资源支持效应——股东积极主义路径与异质性情境

针对转型时期面临提质增效压力的中国制造企业,基于创业板2009-2019年的制造企业面板数据,探究创业投资对于制造企业自主创新资源配置的作用机制.研究发现:具有耐心资本与专家赋能属性的创业投资股权参与,缓解了制造企业的创新资源约束,促进了制造企业创新活动的财务资源与智力资源的配置力度;在作用路径上,创业投资通过加强股权制衡、参与董事会决策等中介路径,对激励制造企业创新资源配置发挥了积极主义投资者的角色作用;那些所处环境具有高度动态性、市场竞争激烈、接受政府财税扶持较多的制造企业,.创业投资的创新资源支持效应更显著.研究结论的决策参考和政策启示为:制造企业应主动进行对外融资营销、加强与专业创业投资机构之间的合作,以增强获取和配置创新资源力度;创业投资机构应切实秉持服务创新创业的使命,持续提升支持制造企业创新的专家赋能水准;政府职能主管部门应营造创业投资机构多样化、专业化和规范化运作的制度环境,引导创业投资更多地流入转型升级的制造企业.     

Intellectual capital model for family firms

The intellectual capital-based view of the firm along with the literature about family firms serve as the basis for the present paper, which seeks to elaborate an intellectual capital model that can be applied to family firms. More precisely, our study identifies the main intangibles usually owned by family firms classifying those intangibles into human capital, structural capital and relational capital. In addition, the paper provides empirical evidence and gives examples of these intangibles through the analysis of external data from international family firms. The research question that we are trying to answer is: Which intangibles are owned by family firms for the mere fact of being family firms? Knowing the nature of the intangibles inherent to family firms can help improve their management, making the most of the intellectual capital owned by these firms when it comes to exploit their knowledge strengths.     

风险投资机构的网络位置对其退出方式的影响研究

对中国本土风险投资机构间的网络联结对退出方式的影响进行研究。运用清科数据库2000年1月至2009年12月的数据,研究发现风险投资机构的网络位置对退出方式有显著的影响:(1)若包含所有投资轮次,风险投资机构的网络中心性越高,通过IPO或M&A退出的可能性越大。(2)若仅包含通过IPO或M&A退出的投资轮次,风险投资机构的网络中心性越高,通过IPO退出的可能性越大。     

政府引导基金投资对创业企业后续融资的影响机制研究

基于激励、认证、“良性循环”三个理论视角,研究政府引导基金投资对创业企业后续融资的影响机制。通过私募通数据库搜集数据构造匹配样本,研究结果表明：（1）为私人资本提供收益类补偿时,政府引导基金投资可以促进创业企业后续融资;然而,为私人资本提供亏损补偿加上收益类补偿,或采用市场化运作模式时,政府引导基金投资不能促进创业企业后续融资。（2）无论投资早期还是后期的创业企业,或者无论投资高科技行业还是非高科技行业的创业企业,政府引导基金投资都不能促进创业企业后续融资。（3）无论投资创投落后地区还是创投成熟地区的创业企业,政府引导基金投资都不能促进创业企业后续融资。上述结论支持激励假说,但不支持认证假说和“良性循环”假说,表明通过政府引导基金投资促进创业企业后续融资的关键在于为私人资本提供合适的补偿机制。     

基于STERGM的风险投资网络演化动力研究

风险投资网络演化与网络形成和网络解散密切相关。本研究利用CVSource数据库构建风险投资网络,从机构属性、二元关系、网络结构等多维度提出影响风险投资网络形成和网络解散的假设变量,采用分离时间指数随机图模型（STERGM）,探索我国风险投资网络的演化动力。研究发现,网络形成和网络解散的基础和演化驱动因子存在差异,网络形成是基于发现潜在伙伴的价值和匹配属性,而网络解散是基于对关系质量和未来价值的预期。具体而言,声誉、地理邻近性、结构嵌入和位置嵌入有利于网络关系的形成,且声誉和结构嵌入有利于网络关系持续;认知临近性和位置嵌入对网络关系解散有显著影响。研究结论有助于揭示风险投资网络演化的动力学机制。     

行业竞争、资本结构与产品市场竞争力

摘要：本文以我国上市公司的数据为样本,利用企业的投资能力和市场份额描述产品市场竞争力,从行业竞争差异的角度探讨了资本结构对我国企业产品市场竞争力的影响。研究表明资本结构对企业的产品市场竞争力具有显著影响,且这种影响对处于不同竞争程度行业的企业有所差异。资本结构的提高对企业的投资能力会产生负效应,且这种负效应随着行业竞争程度的下降也会有所减弱。总体上,资本结构的提高有利于市场份额的提高,且这种正效应也会随着行业竞争程度的下降而下降。但当企业本身资本结构已经处于一个较高的水平时,资本结构的提高易使企业的市场份额下降,从而可能陷入财务危机,尤其当行业竞争激烈时。本文的研究不仅丰富了我国资本结构对产品市场竞争力影响的研究文献,也为企业决策者在制定目标资本结构时提供了参考。     

风险投资持股对股价崩盘风险的影响研究

本文基于倾向配对PSM方法,切入风险考察的创新视角,系统分析了风险投资持股及其属性特征对被投资企业股价崩盘风险的影响效应及其机理。研究发现:风险投资持股显著降低了被投资企业的股价崩盘风险。其次,风险投资的控制属性会强化风险投资持股与被投资企业股价崩盘风险之间的负向关系;而联合属性会弱化风险投资持股与被投资企业股价崩盘风险之间的负向关系。最后通过机理分析发现,风险投资持股通过抑制股价崩盘风险的内因(管理层信息披露操纵倾向)而非外因(信息不透明度)对股价崩盘风险产生了显著的抑制作用。总体而言,本文证实了风险投资持股符合"监督"而非"逐名"的推测。     

Patents, venture capital, and software start-ups

This paper analyzes the relation between the patenting behavior of startup firms and the progress of those firms through the venture capital cycle. Linking data relating to venture capital financing of software startup firms with data concerning the patents obtained by those firms, we find significant and robust positive correlations between patenting and several variables measuring the firm's performance (including number of rounds, total investment, exit status, receipt of late stage financing, and longevity). The data also show that (1) only about one in four venture-backed software firms acquired even one patent during the period of the study; (2) patenting practices very considerably among the sub-sectors of the software industry; and (3) the relationship between patent metrics and firm performance depends less on the size of the patent portfolio than on the firm's receipt of at least one patent.     

Paradoxical transparency? Capital market responses to exploration and exploitation disclosure

We draw on information risk theory and paradox theory to examine the additive and combined effects of disclosing exploration and exploitation information on cost of equity capital. We build on theory that presupposes that the information disclosed by a firm about its innovation activities will reduce information risk of investors. However, we contend that disclosure of exploration and exploitation innovation activities could convey potentially paradoxical expectations about a firm's future value. Based on longitudinal data of the UK FTSE 350 firms from 2011–2016, we show that firms tend to disclose more information related to exploration than exploitation. However, the bulk of market benefits are driven by exploitation rather than exploration disclosures—except for R&D-active firms that are rewarded for exploration disclosure. We also find that the combined disclosure is negatively associated with cost of equity capital, with the sub-population of R&D-active firms particularly accruing synergies from combined disclosure of both exploration and exploitation. These findings suggest that the market differentiates between exploration and exploitation information in addressing information risk, more so than previously assumed. We discuss implications for information-type-dependency in information-risk theory, the outward projection of internal paradoxes, capital market valuations of disclosure by R&D-active firms, opportunity-seeking by large publicly listed corporations, and policy implications.     

风险投资背景对企业技术创新的影响研究

风险投资是为科技企业和创新活动融通资金的重要渠道。本文对我国中小板上市公司的实证研究发现,无论从研发投入还是从专利数量上来看,有风险投资参与的企业在技术创新上的表现要显著好于无风险投资参与的企业。进一步的回归分析发现,在资本背景和经验背景不同的情况下,风险投资对企业技术创新的影响不同。政府背景风险投资的参与、公司背景风险投资的参与以及混合资本背景风险投资的参与与企业研发投入呈负相关关系。风险投资机构的经验越丰富对企业研发投入的影响越积极。     

融资依赖、IPO与创业板上市公司创新投资

   以2009—2014年创业板上市公司首次公开募股(initial public offering,IPO）前后3年数据为样本,构建双重差分模型,实证研究了IPO对企业创新投资的影响和不同融资依赖企业IPO创新影响的差异及其原因。实证结果表明：IPO后企业创新投资显著下降,且外部融资依赖企业IPO后创新投资下降幅度显著大于内部融资依赖企业,因为外部融资依赖企业风险投资参与比例和持股比例较高,IPO后风险投资对企业创新的负影响显著,体现了IPO后企业高管和投资者在市场短期盈利压力的“短视”行为。这为科创板市场弱化短期盈利的监管以强化企业持续创新的动力提供了经验证据。     

风险投资背景、持股比例与初创企业研发投入

利用创业板上市公司数据,本文研究了风险投资背景、持股比例对初创企业研发投入的影响。研究发现:风险投资的支持促进了企业研发投入,不同背景风险投资对企业研发投入的影响不同;政府背景风险投资对企业研发投入无影响,民营和外资背景风险投资对企业研发投入有积极的促进作用,其中外资是最有效的投资者;风险投资的整体持股比例未能增加企业的研发投入,但外资背景风险投资的持股比例对企业研发投入有着显著的正向影响。进一步的分析表明,民营与外资背景风险投资构成了增强企业研发的有效联合投资,风险投资的早期进入和充分孵化均促进了企业的研发投入。     

The impact of outsourcing strategies on companies’ intellectual capital

The aim of the paper is to analyse the effect of outsourcing on the intellectual capital of firms in the current turbulent environment. In particular, the paper will analyse the difference between cost-driven and strategic-driven outsourcing and their impact on human and organisational/relational capital. In addition, the paper will stress the differences in outsourcing of manufacturing and service firms. We propose an approach of literature review in order to develop a model of outsourcing for enhanced intellectual capital utilisation and competitiveness. This methodology puts in evidence that there are very few studies/analysis that stress the link between strategic outsourcing and its potential to increase in particular relational capital due to cooperation of two or more firms. The outcomes of the application will result in a theoretical model that can assist researchers, managers and consultants to better understand the link between outsourcing and intellectual capital and competitive advantage.     

Testing the short-termism hypothesis: Institutional investors,family control,and capital spending in Malaysia

We have examined whether institutional ownership and family control in Malaysia are linked to capital spending. Using panel data from 220 listed companies in Malaysia, we showed that institutional ownership is positively associated with capital expenditure (CAPEX). Consistent with institutional investors’ monitoring role in corporate governance, the results indicate that this relationship was driven by the presence of growth opportunities. However, we found that family control was negatively associated with CAPEX. Additional analyses showed that this relationship was moderated by company size. While larger family firms invest less in CAPEX, smaller family firms invest more in CAPEX, indicating that the benefits of lower agency conflicts in family firms hold only for smaller firms. Our results are robust to alternative empirical measurements that account for firm characteristics and the endogeneity of institutional shareholding.     

高新企业薪酬制度研究

人力资本是高新企业的关键资源,薪酬是发挥其人力资本优势的主要激励手段。"制度重于技术",薪酬制度对高新企业的生存和发展至关重要。本文在以往研究的基础上,根据高新企业的特征和人力资本的特征,提出科学合理的高新企业薪酬制度是一个采用高薪酬水平、能力工资、宽带工资结构,推行股权激励等剩余分享制,实施全面薪酬,引入竞争机制的体系。本文还利用调查数据对高新企业薪酬制度的效应进行了实证研究,为高新企业薪酬制度安排提供数据支持。文章最后对我国高新企业薪酬制度改革提出了一些建议。