社会建构论对科学教育的影响评述

社会建构论在对我国的科学教育产生积极影响的同时,也带来了不可忽视的消极影响。要在辩证分析的基础上对其进行批判地吸收,使我国科学教育在正确的路途上健康地发展。     

建构主义与面向21世纪的科学教育改革

建构主义是一种新的认知理论，这种理论已成为国际科学教育改革中的一种主流理论。建构主义的要义是科学知识是不能传递的，它必须由学生主动地建构。当代科学技术的发展要求科学教育必须改革，建构主义适应了这一时代挑战，建构式科学教育有利于培养迎接这一挑战的人才。     

Teaching and Exploring the Social Implications of Twenty-First Century Molecular Biology in a Laboratory-Based General Education Course

At the University of California, Los Angeles The Genome: Blueprint, Controversy, Destiny is an inquiry-based course with a laboratory component, designed for non-science majors. The course explores the many ways in which molecular biology—including the Human Genome Project, genetically modified foods, gene therapy, and forensics—is increasingly permeating society in the 21st century. The laboratory component of the course includes experience in real research—the sequencing of a microbial genome. Students feel, think, and act like scientists while they consider the societal implications of the technology. The course aims to prepare students to be scientifically literate citizens while simultaneously building a major research accomplishment.     

A Framework for Learning to Teach Science in Initial Primary Teacher Education

Journal of Science Teacher Education -     

An Alternative to Von Glasersfeld's Subjectivism in Science Education: Deweyan Social Constructivism

An influential view of constructivism in science and mathematics educational research and practice is that of Ernst von Glasersfeld. It is a peculiarly subjectivist form of constructivism that should not be attractive to science and mathematics educators concerned with retaining some sort of realism that leaves room for objectivity. The subjectivist constructivism of von Glasersfeld also becomes entangled in untenable mind/body and subject/object dualisms. Finally, these dualisms are unnecessary for social constructivism. I will provide one example of a social constructivist alternative to social constructivism, that of the pragmatic philosopher John Dewey. In presenting Dewey's position I will appeal to Ockham's razor, that is, the admonition not to multiply entities beyond necessity, to shave off the needless mentalistic and psychic entities that lead von Glasersfeld into his subjectivism and dualism.     

An Alternative to Von Glasersfeld's Subjectivism in Science Education: Deweyan Social Constructivism

An influential view of constructivism in science and mathematicseducational research and practice is that of Ernst von Glasersfeld. It is apeculiarly subjectivist form of constructivism that should not be attractiveto science and mathematics educators concerned with retaining some sort ofrealism that leaves room for objectivity. The subjectivist constructivism ofvon Glasersfeld also becomes entangled in untenable mind/body andsubject/object dualisms. Finally, these dualisms are unnecessary for socialconstructivism. I will provide one example of a social constructivistalternative to social constructivism, that of the pragmatic philosopher JohnDewey. In presenting Deweys position I will appeal to Ockhams razor, thatis, the admonition not to multiply entities beyond necessity, to shave offthe needless mentalistic and psychic entities that lead von Glasersfeld intohis subjectivism and dualism.In outward forms, experimental science isinfinitely varied. In principle, it is simple. We know an object when we knowhow it is made, and we know how it is made in the degree in which weourselves make it.John Dewey (1925, 1981, p. 319)     

Defending Constructivism in Science Education

After an impressive development throughout the last two decades, supported by a greatamount of research and innovation, science education seemed to be becoming a newscientific domain. This transformation of Science Education into a specific field of researchand knowledge is usually associated with the establishment of what has been called anemergent consensus about constructivist positions. However, some voices have begunto question these constructivist positions and therefore the idea of an advancementtowards a coherent body of knowledge in the field of science education. The goalof this work is to analyse some of the current criticisms of the so-called constructivistorientations and to study their implications for the development of science education asa coherent body of knowledge.     

Computer Technology-Integrated Projects Should not Supplant Craft Projects in Science Education

The current emphasis on computer technology integration and narrowing of the curriculum has displaced arts and crafts. However, the hands-on, concrete nature of craft work in science modeling enables students to understand difficult concepts and to be engaged and motivated while learning spatial, logical, and sequential thinking skills. Analogy use is also helpful in understanding unfamiliar, complex science concepts. This study of 28 academically advanced elementary to middle-school students examined student work and perceptions during a science unit focused on four fossil organisms: crinoid, brachiopod, horn coral and trilobite. The study compared: (1) analogy-focused instruction to independent Internet research and (2) computer technology-rich products to crafts-based products. Findings indicate student products were more creative after analogy-based instruction and when made using technology. However, students expressed a strong desire to engage in additional craft work after making craft products and enjoyed making crafts more after analogy-focused instruction. Additionally, more science content was found in the craft products than the technology-rich products. Students expressed a particular liking for two of the fossil organisms because they had been modeled with crafts. The authors recommend that room should be retained for crafts in the science curriculum to model science concepts.     

Dancing with Maggots and Saints: Visions for Subject Matter Knowledge,Pedagogical Knowledge,and Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Science Teacher Education Reform

Journal of Science Teacher Education -     

Teacher Education for the New Century in Sweden

The future of teacher education (TE) is currently under discussion in Sweden and a reform proposal has been presented. Future TE provides one single examination for all types of teachers. It also provides a flexible choice of alternative courses, a mandatory course in inclusive education and a range of optional specialisations. After many post-war years of reform in the Swedish school system, the education of comprehensive schoolteachers was itself eventually reformed in 1988. Since then, major changes in schools have occurred: legislation has been liberalised and economic constraints have accelerated. A shortage of teachers in certain subjects and certain parts of the country is a cause for concern. In this article, the new TE proposal is presented and discussed, and the possible future of the Swedish school and TE are outlined. It is argued that implementation of certain parts of the reform proposal will cause problems. L'avenir de la formation des enseignants est un sujet discuté actuellement en Suède et une proposition de réforme vient d'être présentée. La prochaine formation des enseignants stipule un examen unique pour tous les types d'enseignants, ainsi qu'un choix flexible de cours alternatifs, un cours obligatoire en éducation spécialisée et une partie de spécialisation optionnelle. Après plusieurs années d'après-guerre de réformes du système scolaire suédois, la formation des professeurs d'écoles a été finalement réformée en 1988. Depuis lors, des changements majeurs sont intervenus: la législation a été libéralisée et les contraintes économiques se sont accrues. Le manque d'enseignants dans certaines disciplines et dans certaines régions du pays est une préoccupation. Dans l'article, la proposition de formation des enseignants est présentée et discutée, et l'avenir probable de l'école suédoise ainsi que celui de la formation des enseignants y sont esquissés. Il y est aussi démontré que l'application de certaines parties des propositions de réforme causera quelques problèmes. El futuro de la formación de profesores se estádiscutiendo actualmente en Suecia y una propuesta de reforma ha sido presentada hace poco. La futura formación implica un solo examen para todas las categorías de profesores. Asimismo implica una mayor flexibilidad en la elección de cursos alternativos, un curso obligatorio en educación especial y una variedad de cursos de especialización opcionales. Después de varios años de reforma del sistema educativo en Suecia en el período de posguerra, una reforma de la formación del profesorado de secundaria se llevóa cabo en 1988. Desde entonces, se han evidenciado varios cambios: la legislación se liberalizó y los recortes económicos se incrementaron. La falta de profesores para ciertas asignaturas y en ciertos lugares del país constituye un problema cada vez más grande. En el artículo se presenta y se discute la propuesta del nuevo currículo asícomo el posible futuro de la educación en Suecia. Se argumenta que será difícil llevar a cabo ciertas partes de la propuesta de la reforma. Die Zukunft der Lehrerausbildung (LA) wird gegenwärtig in Schweden diskutiert, und ein Reformvorschlag ist vorgestellt worden. Die künftige LA sieht einen einzigen Abschluß für alle Lehrerkategorien vor. Sie bietet auch eine flexible Auswahl an alternativen Kursen, einen obligatorischen Kurs in Sonderpädagogik und einen Vertiefungsteil nach Wahl an. Nach vielen Reformen des schwedischen Schulsystems in der Nachkriegszeit wurde schließlich im Jahr 1988 die Ausbildung für Lehrer der Klassen 1-9 reformiert. Seitdem haben große Veränderungen stattgefunden: die Gesetzgebung ist liberalisiert worden, und die wirtschaftlichen Hindernisse haben sich zunehmend vermehrt. Ein Lehrermangel in gewissen Fächern und in gewissen Regionen des Landes schafft Probleme. In dem vorliegenden Artikel wird der Vorschlag der neuen LA vorgestellt und diskutiert, und die mögliche Zukunft der schwedischen Schule und Lehrerausbildung wird skizziert. Es wird für die These argumentiert, daß die Verwirklichung gewisser Teile des Reformvorschlags Probleme verursachen wird.     

Constructivism in Science and Science Education: A Philosophical Critique

This paper argues that constructivist science education works with an unsatisfactory account of knowledge which affects both its account of the nature of science and of science education. The paper begins with a brief survey of realism and anti-realism in science and the varieties of constructivism that can be found. In the second section the important conception of knowledge and teaching that Plato develops in the Meno is contrasted with constructivism. The section ends with an account of the contribution that Vico (as understood by constructivists), Kant and Piaget have made to constructivist doctrines. Section three is devoted to a critique of the theory of knowledge and the anti-realism of von Glaserfeld. The final section considers the connection, or lack of it, between the constructivist view of science and knowledge and the teaching of science.     

新世纪的教师发展与教师教育

新世纪以来,中国内地和香港都启动了大规模的课程改革,对教师发展和教师教育提出了新的要求。基于对教师发展与教师教育之间关系的分析,文章指出了二者未来的发展方向,即发展中小学—大学伙伴协作关系,建立教师教育发展网络,促进多元化的教师发展和教师教育,以及深化教师与教师教育工作者的实践探究与反思。     

基于非正式学习的科学教育网站设计框架研究

互联网络是科学教育与传播、提高公民科学素质的重要平台之一,但是目前科学教育网站却缺乏教学设计。本文以科学教育的基本目标以及非正式学习的特点为基础,提出了基于非正式学习的科学教育网站的设计框架。该框架以培养公民具有处理实际问题、参与公共事务能力为总目标,以了解科学知识、掌握科学方法、树立科学思想和精神为子目标,提出了针对不同目标的网站设计原则,包括趣味性、个性化、自组织、交流性、情境性、参与性、反恩性原则,并根据各个原则阐述了网站的相关特性设计。     

世纪之交的俄罗斯教师教育改革--打造连续师范教育的完整体系

本文系统评述俄罗斯连续师范教育体系的构成与发展现状，在分析该体系各主要成分在社会转型过程中的功能变化及其特点之后，概要介绍了俄罗斯政府新世纪前10年关于连续师范教育体系的发展思路。