蒙古高原气温与降水变化特征及CMIP5气候模式评估

蒙古高原受自然与人为因素影响,生态环境面临严峻压力,研究气候变化特征及气候模式评估对该地区气候及生态环境等相关研究具有重要的参考意义。本研究以整个蒙古高原为研究区,研究蒙古高原气温与降水要素的变化趋势,对比研究中国内蒙古自治区与蒙古国地区气候变化特征,并评价了全球耦合模式比较计划第五阶段（CMIP5）模式输出的气温与降水序列在研究区的表现,利用一种改进的秩评分方法对CMIP5模式的模拟能力进行了综合评价。结果表明,蒙古高原过去几十年整体呈增温减湿的趋势,最低气温升温幅度明显大于最高气温升温幅度,中国内蒙古地区变暖趋势强于蒙古国地区;CMIP5模式模拟的平均气温普遍偏低,且低估了该区域的增温趋势,而模拟的降水量普遍偏高。不同要素间,CMIP5模式对平均气温的模拟能力最强,最高与最低气温次之,降水相对较差。模式评价结果对评价指标有较大的依赖性,因此,评估气候模式的区域效果时,建议使用多指标进行综合评价。     

Ozone Minihole Found over Tibetan Plateau

Through a comprehensive analysis, researchers from the CAS Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) discovered an ozone minihole, a large area with the lowest total ozone column (TOC, see figure), over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from Dec. 14 to 17, 2003.     

青藏高原地表辐射的气候特征

青藏高原由于条件艰苦,地面观测站点少,对其地表辐射整体特征的认识还较初步。本文利用全球能量与水分循环试验的地表辐射收支工程(GEWEX-SRB)提供的卫星资料反演的1983年7月到2005年6月的地表辐射资料,研究了青藏高原地表辐射的基本特征及云对辐射的影响。研究结果表明:①地表向下短波辐射全年均在高原西南部最大,在雅鲁藏布江下游最小;②地表向上短波辐射最大值主要出现在春季,而最小值出现的时间存在区域差异;③地表有效辐射全年均为正值,在高原西南部最大,东南部最小;④地表净辐射由南向北逐渐减少,夏季最大,冬季最小;⑤云的地表向下和向上短波辐射强迫均在高原东南部最大,西部最小;⑥云的地表向下长波辐射强迫在高原西部边缘地区最大,西南地区最小;⑦云的地表净辐射强迫春、夏季在整个高原均为负值,秋季在高原东南部为负值、西北部为正值,冬季在整个高原均为正值并且水平变化小。     

青藏高原能量、水分循环影响效应

青藏高原是世界上总辐射量最高的地区,也是全球超太阳常数的极值区域之一。此处形成了一个"嵌入"对流层中部大气的巨大的热源,可以伸展到自由大气,其超越了世界上任何超级城市群落所产生的中空热岛效应,对全球与区域大气环流系统变化的动力"驱动"产生了难以估计的效应。与地形热力过程季节变化密切相关的亚洲夏季风是世界上范围最广和强度最强的季风;从冬季到早春季节转换过程中,由于太阳辐射的影响造成青藏高原大地形感热的"快速响应"及其相对高值动态移动,在盛夏梅雨及其云降水带前沿线恰好停滞于中国"三阶梯"地形分布山地—平原过渡区。此现象表明,青藏高原可能扮演着夏季风过程陆地—海洋—大气相互作用的关键角色。中国区域低云量与总云量极值区均与青藏高原大江大河的源头(长江、澜沧江、雅鲁藏布江等)、中东部湖泊群与冰川集中区空间分布几乎吻合,这表明"亚洲水塔"形成的关键因素与"世界屋脊"特有的云降水结构不可分割。研究表明,青藏高原大气热源对局地与下游区域云降水过程水汽输送流型等均有显著影响。长江流域降水与全国低云量存在一个明显沿长江流域的带状高相关结构,充分表明长江流域降水与上游"亚洲水塔""热驱动"以及对流系统具有重要相关关系。从跨赤道经向环流的视角可发现,夏季南、北半球跨赤道气流低层强偏南、高层强偏北气流出现在东亚地区和北美区域两大地形对应的赤道区,这2个跨赤道极值区恰与青藏高原、落基山高原位置相对应。青藏高原纬向与经向环流圈结构与区域-全球大气环流相关机制,印证了"世界屋脊"隆起大地形的"热驱动"及其对流活动在全球能量、水分循环的作用。青藏高原特殊水汽三维结构分布和跨半球的纬向和经向大气垂直环流图表明青藏高原对全球尺度大气环流变化的贡献显著。文章进一步以东亚、全球水循环的视角,提出了青藏高原作为全球性大气"水塔"的观念,认为在高原地区一个水塔的"供水"和"蓄水"循环体系,特别是高原地表冰川、积雪和湖泊作为"蓄水池"系统,使得所有的河流可作为"输水管道",将"水塔"的水向周边区域输送出去,高层大气也提供向外输送的渠道。青藏高原特殊的跨半球大气水分循环可构建"世界水塔"与其周边地区独特的水文功能概念,综合描绘了青藏高原"世界水塔"及其地球上一个完整的行星尺度陆地—海洋—大气水分循环物理图像。     

Complex vegetation responses to climate change on the Tibetan Plateau: a paleoecological perspective

<正>Rapid major shits in vegetation types are most oten atributed to abrupt climate changes.However,recent studies have revealed non-linear vegetation responses to current global warming on the Tibetan Plateau[1].his also seems to be the case for the Holocene vegetation on the Tibetan Plateau.his high-elevation region is under the control of the Asian monsoon,causing relatively moist summers and dry winters.Monsoon inluence rapidly decreases from the southeastern to the northwestern parts of the     

Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research

The Tibetan Plateau (Qinghai-Xizang Plateau)is a unique geological-geographical unit on Earth, an ideal region for studies into the formation and evolution of the lithosphere and the dynamic mechanism of the earth crust. The uplifting of the Plateau exerts profound influence upon the evolution and differentiation of the natural environment of the plateau itself, its adjacent regions and the Northern Hemisphere. As a unique natural geographical unit, the Plateau holds a special status in the whole globe due to its special natural environment and ecosystems, which is also in close relation to global environmental change.The significance of the Plateau research should be recognized not only in the fundamental research fields of geo-sciences and biology, but also in its application to resource exploitation, environmental protection and sustainable development of the Plateau region.     

Symposium on Interdisciplinary Studies of the Tibetan Plateau

To commemorate the interdisciplinary expeditionary research of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (Tibetan Plateau) over the past 30 years, a symposium was held on Oct. 21 and 22 in Beijing.     

Recent Changes in Wetlands on Tibetan Plateau

<正>As about 80%of global wetland resources are degrading or disappearing,the wetland ecosystem has become one of the most seriously threatened ecosystems in the world.The Tibetan Plateau,which is an area sensitive to global change and a security barrier for the Asian ecosystem,has about 13.19x104 km2 of wetlands of special significance to China.Today,with the increasing     

Land–atmosphere–ocean coupling associated with the Tibetan Plateau and its climate impacts

This paper reviews recent advances regarding land–atmosphere–ocean coupling associated with the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and its climatic impacts. Thermal forcing over the TP interacts strongly with that over the Iranian Plateau, forming a coupled heating system that elevates the tropopause, generates a monsoonal meridional circulation over South Asia and creates conditions of large-scale ascent favorable for Asian summer monsoon development. TP heating leads to intensification and westward extension (northward movement) of the South Asian High (Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone), and exerts strong impacts on upstream climate variations from North Atlantic to West Asia. It also affects oceanic circulation and buoyancy fields via atmospheric stationary wave trains and air–sea interaction processes, contributing to formation of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. The TP thermal state and atmospheric–oceanic conditions are highly interactive and Asian summer monsoon variability is controlled synergistically by internal TP variability and external forcing factors.     

青藏高原景观生态风险的时空特征

以1992、2001、2008和2015年4期青藏高原土地覆被数据为基础,运用ArcGIS10.5和 Fragstats4.2 等软件,构建基于景观格局和景观脆弱度的生态风险指数,借助地统计分析和空间自相关分析方法,开展青藏高原生态风险评价研究,分析景观生态风险的时空特征,为青藏高原土地利用生态风险防范提供科学依据。结果显示：①青藏高原景观生态风险分布具有聚集效应,总体呈西北高东南低的梯度分布规律,这与青藏高原的自然地带性关系密切;②1992—2015年间,青藏高原景观生态风险总体呈下降趋势,主要表现为高风险区与较高风险区面积减少,以及低风险区与较低风险区面积扩大。变化的主要动因是20世纪90年代以来青藏高原气候暖湿化过程和生态建设对青藏高原土地覆被结构的影响;③青藏高原各地类景观生态风险值较高的区域主要集中在不同地类相接的边缘地带。低生态风险等级在林地中占比最大,高生态风险等级在裸地和冰川与雪被中占比较大。裸地和草地高生态风险等级面积下降率最大,反映出裸地和草地变化对青藏高原景观生态风险影响最为显著,在青藏高原的生态风险管理过程中应重点关注裸地和草地的结构和质量变化。     

Mountain hazards in the Tibetan Plateau: research status and prospects

<正>The intense tectonic activities and complex geomorphology have made the Tibetan Plateau the highly potential area of mountain hazards,including glacial lake outburst,torrential loods,debris lows,landslides,and avalanches,especially caused by the coupling of avalanches,glacier movement,snow melting,and extreme precipitation     

EU project on Tibetan Plateau formally starts in Beijing

The kick-off meeting for CEOPAEGIS, an international cooperation project between Europe and Asia to improve knowledge on hydrology and meteorology of the QinghaiTibet Plateau and its role in climate, monsoon and extreme meteorological events, was held from 26 April to 3 May at the CAS Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research （ITP） in Beijing.     

西藏高原夏季强降水过程分析

本文选取1979年7月6－7日，西藏高原的一次强降水过程，在天气尺度上重点分析了这次过程的环流演变过程，同时对水汽条件、降水区域的稳定度及相关物理量作了计算和分析。认为这次降水是在西太副高相对稳定，伊朗高压快速东进，从而在高原形成高原切变线，配合孟加拉湾的水汽，高原的中性层结，而产生的强降水过程。     

Environmental Changes on the Tibetan Plateau:Evaluation and Prediction

<正>A research report on the environmental changes of the Tibetan Plateau from the past 2,000 years to a century ahead has been released by the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences.After a three-year investigation into the plateau areas in southwest China's Tibet Autonomous Region with an average altitude of over 4,500 meters,international researchers found that the region is getting warmer and     

拉萨河流域湿地生态系统服务功能价值变化

基于三期遥感影像解译数据和地理信息系统空间分析方法研究了拉萨河流域湿地30年(1976年-2006年)的动态变化过程,并评价分析了湿地生态系统服务功能的价值变化。研究结果表明:30年来拉萨河流域湿地总面积减少了2.02×104hm2,达8.8%,其中水域、高寒草甸以及沼泽湿地呈减少趋势,森林湿地和滩地呈增加趋势;湿地生态服务功能总价值损失41.20×108元,年均损失1.37×108元,以气体交换功能价值损失量最大。生态价值的损失主要是由对环境调节起主要作用的水域、草甸和沼泽湿地的减少造成的。