词语释义三则

本文对《红楼梦》中的“肮脏”、《诗经》中的“食贫”、“成语”颠扑不破”这三个词的一般释义提出质疑，认为“肮脏”是“污染”义，“食贫”是“受穷”义，“颠扑不破”是“掉不破，跌不坏”之义。     

“三岁食贫”中的“食贫”释义商兑

<正> 《诗经·卫风·氓》中有“自我徂尔,三岁食贫”一句。郑玄笺云:“我自是往之女家,女家乏谷食,已三岁贫矣。明已之悔,不以女今贫故也。”孔颖达疏曰: “自我往尔男子之家,三岁之后贫于衣食而见困苦。” (见《十三经注疏》第三二五页)王力先生主编的《古代汉语》注“食贫”为“吃‘的东西缺乏”。(见该书修订本第二册第四七八页)笔者认为这种把“食贫”讲作是“谷食贫乏”的说法,无论从句法结构来分析,还是从词义方面来考察,都是值得商榷的;现在,不揣浅陋,陈以管见数条,以就正于各位专家和读者。     

阑干

“阑干”一语常用于诗词中,大抵有三义: 一、作纵横讲,形容物体摆置状态。如汉《乐府·善哉行》:“日没参横,北斗阑干。”此处是形容北斗的状态。又宋陆游《岁暮贫甚戏书》:“食案阑干堆苜蓿,褐衣颠倒著天吴。”亦同一义。二、从纵横义引伸,形容泪流满面的状态。蔡琰《胡笳十八拍》:“岂知重得兮入长安,叹息欲绝兮洎阑干。”唐、杜甫《彭衙行》:“彼此出妻孥,相视泪阑干。”唐,白居易《长恨歌》:“玉     

解析《汉语大字典》中的"奄"族字

据形、音、义皆备的、具有分化孳乳能力的母文表义这一思路,把《汉语大字典》中收录的60几个“奄”族字加以剖析,分成具有“大”义、“覆盖、蔽藏”义、“覆盖、遮蔽、盛装物体的东西”义、“相及、相合、比长短”义、“不明、黑、污浊、肮脏”义、“疲乏、病”义、“急遽、忽然”义、“不奢侈”义这几组同一母文(右文)而古音相同、相近,意义相通的字,简析这些字的意义与其母文及其外化符号有密切的关系,并把《汉语大字典》所收录的这60几个“奄”族字与母文的关系用表示意于文末。     

传统“义利观”评析

在中国传统文化中占统治地位的儒学，主张道德中心主义，而“仁义”又是它的最高的道德范畴，在儒学中，人生价值主要是道德价值，这就逻辑地决定了在对待“义”与“利”的关系上，必然是重“义”轻“利”，甚至把“义”和“利”完全对立起来，为了‘“义”而排斥“利”。以孔孟为代表的儒家以及后来宋明时期的新儒学都非常重视义利关系，认为这是划分君子与小人的重要道德标准。《论语》多处记载着孔子这方面的思想，如“君子喻于义，小人喻于利”“，“君子谋道不谋食，忧道不忧贫”②。在这里，孔子把“义”与“利”对立起来，认为只有小…     

《寡人之于国也》“检”注释补拾

《孟子·梁惠王上》中“狗彘食人食而不知检”的“检”,人教版《高中语文》第一册（《寡人之于国也》）释为“检,约束”。据此义注释本还有：     

试谈《硕鼠》中的“苗”

高中语文第一册(90年版)《诗经》二首《硕鼠》中的“无食我苗”,《教学参考》译“苗”为“水稻”。朱东澜先生主编的《中国历代文学作品选》注释为“禾苗”苗者,《辞源》曰:“未扬花结实之禾”。由此可见,朱先生是直译其义,《教参》则是意译。笔者以为此处应译为“猎物”。查《辞源》“苗”字第四款:“夏季打猎”。《左传·隐公五年》:“春蒐(sou),夏苗,秋狝(xian),冬狩。”(蒐:春天打猎,狝:秋天打猎;狩:冬天打猎。)据此,“苗”在句中又充当了“食”的宾语;可活用的名词。作:“猎物”讲。     

《死水》《再别康桥》的绘画美

《死水》《再别康桥》是新月诗派主要代表诗人闻一多和徐志摩的经典名作。仔细赏读这两首诗,我们能够咀嚼出新月诗派绘画美的丰富意蕴。“死水”激起人们的总是肮脏、腥臭、死气沉沉的联想。闻一多题名“死水”作诗,大约也是基于这种普遍的大众的文化心理。不管其诗的真正主旨是什么,“死水”的罪恶、绝望、沉寂、腐朽等象征义不会改变,也就是说“这里断不是美的所在”。可是闻一多在诗中却极力地渲染“死水”“华丽”的外表和“活泼”的特性:     

谈“悦”字

“悦”“先秦散文作“说”。本文倒句中出现的“说”都是“悦”的古字),在现代汉语中,常作词素构成“悦耳、悦目、喜悦等双音词。其中最常用的是“喜悦”,“悦”的词素义是“高兴”、“愉快”于是,人们往往用今义附会古义,把古文中的“悦”也解释为“高兴”、“愉快”等类似义。对《左传》中“××说”中的“说”的注解就是典型的一例。《左传·僖公三十年》:“秦伯说”。《古文观止译注》译为“秦伯听了这番话,很高兴”;《白话译文古文观止》译为“秦穆公听     

扬雄《逐贫赋》与汉代民俗

《逐贫赋》并非运用了拟人和想象,其中的“贫”实系西汉民俗信仰中的“贫鬼”,与此相关的民俗为“除贫”。《逐贫赋》第一次以文学艺术的形式回答了文化史上一个重大命题：当被政治的浊流冲击到社会生活的边缘以后,作为一个文化人应该以什么方式完成文化使命,实现人生价值。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

Western and Eastern culture differences in commercial field

The communication of people partially is the communication of cultures. Culture has a direct effect on international commercial activities in all aspects. Different conceptions about time, space, equality, law and the like, lead people to deal with things in different ways. So to know cultures of the counterpart is to facil-itate our enterprises so as to have a smooth and successful communication in commercial activity.     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

风的曲线

Rosco and I wait for the fishermen to return.I sit at a wooden bench near the store at Mt.Baker Resort and watch the clouds change shape. Rosco has my belt around his neck and an eight foot tow chain hooked to a tree. Dogs must be on a leash. Ducks and rabbits are loose.