THE CHURCHES AND THE RELIGIOUS PROBLEM IN STATE UNIVERSITIES

A liberation‐based religious education emphasizes its own particular social experiences to question universal claims of theology and religious education and to unmask oppressive particularities of those universal claims. In this contextualization of religious education, particular ways of belonging provide paradigms for religious education, and the analogy of cultural workers illumines the task of religious educators.     

CHURCH WORKERS IN STATE UNIVERSITIES

This paper presents a theological base identified as a Christ‐with‐culture stance and its implications for religious education in Japan as a multireligious society. Affirming multiple revelations of God in various religious traditions, a Christ‐with‐culture stance recognizes Christ as the “Christian criterial revelation” to discern truths of God. Japanese Christians can employ Buddhist and Shinto traditions in the Christian worship service as a part of their own religious traditions and participate in different religious ceremonies to share a common life with non‐Christians, thus integrating their identity as religious multilingual persons who can be bridges between people of diverse religions.     

ADMINISTRATIVE SATISFACTION AND THE REGULATORY CLIMATE AT PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES

To what extent do differences in regulatory climate among states influence the satisfaction levels of campus managers? This study first measures the financial, personnel, and academic dimensions of state regulation, and examines the extent to which university and state characteristics have an effect on the regulatory climate and administrative flexibility granted to campuses. Second, the research analyzes the dimensions of managerial satisfaction and tests the hypothesis that the state's regulatory climate exercises an influence on the satisfaction levels of managers who are in functional areas impacted by state control. An array of organizational, individual, and work climate variables is used as controls. Atmospheres of administrative teamwork and interpersonal stress appear to exert the strongest positive and negative influences on administrative satisfaction.

     

COUNSELLING AT UNIVERSITIES IN HUNGARY

The article begins by reviewing the main problems facing young people in higher education and the kinds of problems with which they might need help. The approach is psychological and does not include problems of physical health or sociological, socio‐political, or strictly educational problems. For people looking at this age group from a distance, admission to a university or another type of institution of higher education can be seen as a process of arrival. One might think that the uncertainties and stresses from an earlier period of life would have ceased and the oppressive worries of adulthood not yet have begun. In reality, there are many possibilities for crises between the ages of eighteen and twenty‐five. It is one of the main tasks of the provision of psychological counselling in higher education to help adolescents resolve these problems.     

RELIGION AND SCHOOL‐EDUCATION IN A SECULAR STATE: THE FRENCH SITUATION

A major nation building concept in France is that of laïcité(secularism). Arising during the French Revolution, it gathered force in the nineteenth century, resulting in the complete separation of Church and State in France in 1905. A major goal of laïcitéwas the creation of a free, state‐supported public school system in which the teachers became the high priests of the secular state. Although certain religious minorities, the Jews and the Protestants, in particular, did quite well in France following their emancipation, making massive use of the secular schools for their own promotion in French society, their assimilation weakened their religious and community ties. Indeed, a negative result of secularism is that it has resulted in widespread ignorance on the part of many French people of all persuasions of the religious roots of their culture. This ignorance has made them intolerant of religion in general and of the religious differences manifested by an increasingly large and vocal Muslim minority, the presence of which is the confirmation that France is now a de facto plural society. The author suggests that one solution to that intolerance in France which seems to have its roots in that very laïcitéwhich at its inception had been intended to eliminate religious intolerance would be the teaching of courses in religious appreciation in the schools. Of course, this proposition raises the question of whether or not such courses should be taught by clerics or by secular teachers.     

追求责任心的声誉--世纪之交的加拿大高校

本文反省、批评、讨论并分析了自 2 0世纪 80年代以来 ,教育经费削减对加拿大各大学的影响以及由此所产生的不良后果。文章指出 ,为弥补教育经费大幅缩减 ,加拿大各大学纷纷自行寻找经费来源 ,包括政府和企业的专项经费 ,并追求责任心声誉。由此产生的消极影响是 ,学校的科学研究方向被政府和企业的片面需求所主导 ,学校的传统及基础科学研究方向遭到削弱。此外 ,学校行政管理部门在对科研与教学进行评估时 ,借用了企业管理中的定量评估方法 ,使得教学科研人员在科研上倾向于只注重短期效应 ,在教学上则更多地迎合学生对职业技能的需求 ,而忽视了基础性教育的作用。     

POLICY STRATEGIES FOR THE CAREER DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN AT EUROPEAN UNIVERSITIES

Intended as an introduction and overview, this article previews the other contributions to the topic and places them in a general introductory context. The basic question is why women, who are not currently confronted with legal or overt discrimination with regard to entering and even thriving in academic careers, are still underrepresented in the academic world in Europe, particularly in the upper echelons of academic governance and power. Several possible explanations are given, in particular the failure of women to be prepared from an early age to be competitive in ways which boys are taught to take for granted, and their failure, not so much to engage in networking, but to penetrate the networks which count, most or all of which are in fact male dominated. Among the strategies which women may use to gain both presence and power in the academic world, the use of women's studies programmes is ruled out as being ultimately counterproductive. Likewise doubt is cast on the long‐term effectiveness of affirmative action programmes. Only remedies specific to the individual conditions of each country will be really helpful in aiding women to be more numerous in higher education, particularly in positions of power. However, in all the countries in question, women must be socialized so as to be willing to adopt behaviours conducive to academic success, and they must bring to bear the full resources of the social protection and welfare systems, all of which in the different countries of the Europe Region favour not only the progress of women, but the rational use of human resources.     

高校学术失范问题的探索性实证研究

近年来,伴随社会转型,一度被视为社会最后一片净土的学术界也面临公共信任危机,传统的学术伦理与效率取向的学术制度安排之间的冲突,引发了一系列关于学术人活动和行为指向扭曲的争论。这种带有学术失范意义的现象,实际上反映了我国目前学术体制运行过程中所存在的功能性障碍。本文试图通过调查研究,对我国高校学术失范程度加以分析,并探索其中的制度性原因。研究结果表明,学术失范作为一种客观事实确实存在,它的产生与制度设计中普遍主义规则、传统研究取向和传统学术工作价值的失落相关,更与制度本身程序公正性缺失和非学术侵扰特别是行政权力过度介入存在高度关联。