大萧条与人民阵线时期的美国工人与美国共产党

20世纪30年代，美国共产主义运动进入了新的阶段，国内的经济危机和国际法西斯主义的威胁，为美国共产党争取工人群众创造了有利时机。但是，共产党在劳工阶层中开展的工作却没有收到良好的效果。从1929到1939年二战前的10年间，大多数美国工人对共产主义运动和共产党为仍然持排斥和拒绝态度。     

IAU SEMINAR IN ALEXANDRIA

The 4th International Association of Universities (IAU) Seminar took place in Alexandria (Arab Republic of Egypt) from 7 to 12 February 1977.

Discussions in the Seminar concentrated on the following themes:

• the structure of university teaching and research; their essential characteristics and innovations;

• the university and other forms of higher education; integrated and diversified systems.

Below we present some of the ideas discussed in the Seminar.     

UNESCO SEMINAR ON THE USE OF RADIO AND TELEVISION IN TEACHER TRAINING

The UNESCO International Seminar on Experience Gained from the Polish NUHT System in the use of Radio and Television in Teacher Training was held in Warsaw from 24‐28 January 1977.

We give below information on the main elements of the Seminar's activities.     

COMMUNITY COLLEGE STUDENTS' OPINIONS REGARDING THE VALUE OF THEIR FRESHMAN SEMINAR EXPERIENCE

Students enrolled in a community college freshman seminar course were interviewed to gather qualitative data on their opinions regarding the value of the course. Existing dissatisfaction among students, faculty, and administrators initiated this study . Data analysis revealed that randomly grouping students with wide - ranging levels of academic abilities and life experiences in a freshman seminar class had a number of drawbacks, as older adult learners differ greatly from younger student learners in aptitude, ability levels, maturity, and academic needs. The findings suggest that older adults need a different kind of freshman seminar course than the traditional first - year student, and that "gifted" older students might be used to provide "on - campus apprenticeships" for other first - year students.     

IAU SEMINAR ON THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION AND ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION

The right to education has been solemnly proclaimed by the United Nations and, in many countries, it is explicitly recognized in the constitutions or legislation.

The real problems are: the exercise of this right and the extent to which it can be seen to be a reality in different types of society; the international consequences of inequalities and differences in stages of development between countries in these matters.

Higher education is not a universal right and cannot be so in the foreseeable future, in many countries. An increasingly large proportion of the relevant age group already considers it “normal” to enter higher education and the time may well come when everyone will be expected to receive some post‐secondary education. Pressure may then be exerted to seek the transformation of this “normal” situation into a legal norm so that the right to education will then come to be interpreted as a right to higher education or post‐secondary education. Although this is not yet the case it may be wise to try to foresee the consequences of such an evolution both for the educational system and for society.

In this context the Vth Seminar of the International Association of Universities (IAU) which was held from 29 May to 2 June 1978 in Halle (GDR) concentrated its discussion on the following topics:

• the right to education for professional employment and the right to education for its own sake; the consequences for access to higher education;

• the specific role of the university in the exercise of the right to education;

• international aspects of access to higher education.

We present below an edited version of the Seminar's aide‐mémoire on its discussion.