TEXT BOOKS—STORIES

The purpose of this article is to describe the eclipse of a distinctive Catholic philosophy of education. The article presents an analysis of the neo‐Thomistic philosophy of education. Second, it speculates on the reasons for its rapid decline in the past three decades. The article concludes with a sketch of a contemporary Catholic educational theory, based on the work of Bernard Lonergan, a Jesuit philosopher‐theologian, and Paulo Freire, the Brazilian Catholic educator.     

BREAD AND BOOKS

:h一is一:一谬my。。二 The.box 15 big and blue.The bag 15 big and blue，too.What，s in theb。x and the bag?儡毋下he。155。me 妞且务产昭2， 瓶麟瞥 Q) C U .‘l口 br··d一瘾一 SOme Cheese 戮 忌琶幽 卜几 in the bOX.The「e 15 SOme mi t·鲡。一’。。 p一尹 和卜     

DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A TRAIN‐THE‐TRAINER CURRICULUM ON SUCCESSFUL AND PRODUCTIVE AGING

Despite the fact that Japan has developed many exemplary social policies for their expanding older population and programs to foster elderly workforce participation, shortage of personnel with a comprehensive understanding of gerontology has limited these efforts. In response to the need for greater gerontological education among the Japanese who will work in the allied health professions, we developed an intensive training program on “Successful and Productive Aging,” with two associate degree colleges in Japan. Emphasizing lessons learned from the United States experience, the three‐week program covered issues in health promotion/ disease prevention, health maintenance/independence, mechanisms of formal/ informal caregiving, and preparations for retirement. Instructional methods included didactic presentations by a multidisciplinary faculty, case‐based problem‐solving exercises, and field visits to various agencies and geriatric facilities in the greater Boston area. The educational program was field‐tested with 5 faculty from Japan who were asked to evaluate the program based on whether the learning objectives were met, perceptions of relevance of subject matters to students in Japan, and perceptions of teaching methods’ effectiveness. We present the results of this successful cross‐national collaboration, with emphasis on how information gathered is being integrated into teaching plans upon returning to Japan.     

THE EFFECTS OF PRIOR KNOWLEDGE AND VOCABULARY KNOWLEDGE ON THE READING COMPREHENSION PROCESS AND SOME INSTRUCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS

现代心理语言学理论视阅读为一个十分复杂的心理语言处理过程。这个过程包含两个不同层次的信息处理模式:基于语言材料,处理句子层并列关系及从属关系信息的自下而上的微观信息处理模式;基于内容背景知识,处理篇章层中心信息的自上而下的宏观信息处理模式。这两个信息处理模式在阅读过程中相互作用,但起决定作用的是后者。图式论认为,词汇知识结构即语言图式主要作用于自下而上的微观信息处理过程,内容知识图式和篇章结构图式主要作用于自上而下的宏观信息处理过程。在阅读过程中,不具备、不能激发及错误使用任何一种图式都会导致阅读理解错误。     

THE HISTORY OF GERMAN YOUTH RESEARCH TWO REMARKABLE BOOKS ON “JUGENDKUNDE" (1890‐1933)

Peter Dudek, Jugend als Objekt der Wissenschaften. Geschichte der Jugendforschung in Deutschland und Österreich 1890‐1933 (Opladen, Westdeutscher Verlag, 1990) 438 pp.

Johannes‐Christoph von Bühler, Die gesellschaftliche Konstruktion des Jugendalters: Zur Entstehung der Jugendforschung am Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts (Weinheim, Deutscher Studien Verlag, 1990) 446 pp.     

SHORT‐TERM PROGRAMS ON DEATH AND DYING AND AGING: A REVIEW OF SELECTED LITERATURE

Agencies and institutions dealing with the elderly have only limited time, money, and personnel with which to plan and implement educational programs. Yet a basic knowledge of aging and death and dying seems to be essential for those working with older adults. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on short‐term educational programs on death and dying and aging in order to offer practitioners some guidance for efficiently structuring programs to bring about desired changes in these areas. From 15 selected studies, 3 aspects of such programs are reviewed and analyzed: the length of the intervention, the type of treatment, and the nature of the target group involved.     

IMPACTS OF 2‐YEAR AND 4‐YEAR COLLEGES ON LEARNING ORIENTATIONS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY

This investigation compared the impacts of 2‐year and 4‐year colleges on learning orientations. Controlling for precollege learning orientations, academic aptitude, age, work, place of residence, and enrollment status, this study found no significant differences between 2‐ and 4‐year students in freshman‐year effects on enjoyment of diversity and intellectual challenge, learning for self‐understanding, internal locus of attribution for academic success, and preference for higher order cognitive activities. The findings are consistent with other recent evidence casting doubt on major differences in the net educational effects of 2‐ and 4‐year colleges.     

SOME THOUGHTS ON DEVELOPING THE STUDENTS ''''LISTENING ABILITY

Language is the means by which people communicate with each other. At present, the teaching of listening is considered one of the most important teaching courses. Listening greatly affects communicative ability. For this reason, it is necessary for students to break through obstacles to the listening to improve their abilities. In recent years, theories have been put forward in the teaching of listening. The focus of attention has shifted from the teachers, who have tended to be the center of the class to the students. Listening and spoken English are the key features of English classes. As English teachers, we should devote ourselves to the reforms of teaching systems and develop suitable teaching methods so that we could improve the quality of listening teaching.     

THE NEED FOR “RULE” ETHICS AND THE PRACTICE OF VIRTUE

Studies on moral development done by some men, such as Kohlberg, have done a disservice to women. When considering the approaches to ethical decisions, such studies have not always considered the experience of women. There are differences between men and women re‐, garding their ideas of good and evil, sin, rights and relationships, and the establishment of priorities. These differences influence the route that men and women take to reach ethical decisions. Even if men and women reach the same conclusions, gender differences affect the approaches used to reach them. Nevertheless, both genders are capable of making sound moral decisions.     

SOME THOUGHTS ON DEVEL OPING THE STUDENTS‘LISTENING ABILITY

Language is the means by which people communicate with each other. At present, the teaching of listening is considered one of the most important teaching courses. Listening greatly affects communicative ability. For this reason, it is necessary for students to break through obstacles to the listening to improve their abilities. In recent years, theories have been put forward in the teaching of listening. The focus of attention has shifted from the teachers, who have tended to be the center of the class to the students. Listening and spoken English are the key features of English classes. As English teachers, we should devote ourselves to the reforms of teaching systems and develop suitable teaching methods so that we could improve the quality of listening teaching.     

ON THE HOME FRONT: HOW DO AGHE‐MEMBER INSTITUTIONS UTILIZE THEIR GERONTOLOGY PROGRAMS FOR AGE‐RELEVANT PLANNING AND DECISION‐MAKING?

Presidents of AGHE‐affiliated colleges and universities expressed a predominantly negative assessment of their elderly faculty members in response to a national survey (Kastenbaum & Schulte, 1988). They anticipated that the abolishment of mandatory retirement (scheduled for 1994) would lead to deterioration of instructional quality and scholarly productivity as well as a negative economic impact at their own academic institutions. However, very few of the responding institutions reported having completed studies relevant to this assumption. The present study is a follow‐up survey addressed not to the presidents but to the directors of all gerontology centers in the same academic institutions. The respondents were asked if their own administration had asked their assistance in matters concerned with the status and potential of elderly faculty. This study of gerontology on the “home front” finds that gerontological expertise is rarely sought by administrators on such topics as developing a plan for continued growth of older faculty members, new ways to utilize older faculty members, or personnel policies affecting older faculty members. The range of utilization across five items was between 3.26% and 7.09% of the 172 responding programs. Gerontology programs were somewhat more likely to initiate their own activities in these areas, ranging from 8.66% to 14.17%. Within the limits of this study, it appears that an academic institution's membership in AGHE does not necessarily signify a readiness to call upon its resident gerontologists with regard to age‐related issues on campus. The pattern of data from both surveys also suggests that (a) there i^r a nationwide emphasis on encouraging older faculty to take early r irement, (b) accompanied by a prevailing assumption that older faculty perform less adequately, although (c) little effort has been made to obtain and review data on the actual performance and potential of older faculty.