基于知识分类的高校平面设计课程内容视觉表征研究

视觉文化时代的来临和教育领域符号应用本体的教学理念逐渐走向教育实践前列,使“读图”和“知识视觉表征”成为高校平面设计课程内容呈现的一种内在需求。传统平面设计课程教学研究主要集中在教学手段、方法和策略三个方面,文章以平面设计课程内容的封装与意义阐释为主要研究内容,通过对教育学、心理学和管理学三个领域的知识分类加以梳理比较,构建平面设计课程知识分类的四维模型,并在此基础上提出平面设计课程内容视觉表征的方法与机制,旨在为高校平面设计教学研究开拓出新的空间,以及对平面设计课程教学提供一种理论资源和思考方法。     

写作知识体系的建构（1950－1979年）

1950— 1979年的写作理论发展 ,大致可分为三个阶段 :( 1)从新中国成立到反右派前夕 ;( 2 )从反右派之始到“文化大革命”前夕 ;( 3)从“文化大革命”初始到党的十一届三中全会前后。其主要特点是 :( 1)它从属于政治 ,受制于形势 ,带有深刻的时代烙印 ;( 2 )它主要是以高等学校写作教材的形式出现的 ,有了更高的理论与实践相结合的学术品位 ;( 3)它以文章构成的内容和形式为研究对象 ,兼及写作的实践过程 ,具有“文本”与“人本”、“静态”与“动态”相互参证的性质     

学风·场域·知识——关于抗战前清华知识人的考察

在中国现代学术史上,清华大学无疑是令人瞩目的研究对象,本文尝试借鉴知识社会学的思考路径,以文学叙述为依托,试图呈现清华知识人知识生产与发表的一般特征及其相关社会文化背景。对相关社会文化背景的考察分别从“学风”与“场城”两个维度进行。前者偏重探讨知识观念转变的影响,后者突出外在环境的作用。     

FROM DATA PROCESSING TO KNOWLEDGE PROCESSING: A FUNDAMENTAL DEVELOPMENT TENDENCY OF INFORMATICS AND OF COMPUTERS AND ITS REFLECTION IN THE TRAINING OFFERED AT A TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

For, more than two decades, Artificial Intelligence developed in relative isolation from “traditional informatics”. Thus, a distinct reservoir of specifically theoretical underlying principles, methods and means were created for it. At present, a process of fusing and of integration between these two domains is under way. Linked to this process is a marked broadening and deepening of the scientific fundamentals and the efficiency potential of modern information technologies. Yet, the potential for increased efficiency is far from being exhausted, particularly with regard to application. Written from the point of view of a computer scientist, this article analyses the practical problems and the obstacles which have appeared during the process of transition to the level of knowledge processing. The procedures which have been devised in order to overcome the problems in question are aimed not only at increasing the quality of knowledge representation and knowledge administration but also at introducing artificial intelligence into traditional application areas. The consistent pursuit of these aims will lead to the integration of artificial intelligence and informatics, so as to produce a homogeneous, scientific discipline. Integration of this sort, however, cannot be accomplished by the simple addition of new components or by placing the two domains side by side. Rather, informatics as a discipline must be restructured and the contents of its separate domains unified. The integration process has been particularly noticeable in the domain of data bank technology, especially with regard to knowledge representation and knowledge bank administration. This process has led to a qualitatively more advanced development stage as compared t o traditional data bank technology and knowledge administration. It is reflected in higher education in the transition from the traditional qualifications of knowledge engineers to those of data bank and knowledge processing engineers.     

WOMEN IN DISTANCE STUDY ‐ WOMEN STUDENTS AT THE FERNUNIVERSITAT IN HAGEN (FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY)

The authors take up the hypothesis that distance education was also meant to facilitate the access of women to higher education. Recent studies carried out at the University for Distance Education at Hagen show that results do not always match expectations. By analysing in detail the causes for this partial failure, the authors come forward with some remedial proposals.

The authors are all members of the staff of Hagen University.     

MATHEMATICS AS AN IM/PURE KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM: SYMBIOSIS, (W)HOLISM AND SYNERGY IN MATHEMATICS EDUCATION

The problem of culturally decontextualised mathematics education faced by Nepali students, teachers and teacher educators has often been oriented by the view of the nature of mathematics as a body of pure knowledge, which gives rise to an exclusive emphasis on an ideology of singularity, epistemology of objectivism, language of universality and logic of certainty whilst developing curriculum, conceiving pedagogies and implementing assessment strategies in school mathematics education and mathematics teacher education programmes. With epistemic referents of dialectical logics and performative imagination, an alternative view of the nature of mathematics as an impure knowledge is discussed with its possible disempowering features, such as essentialism, hegemony and dualisms. Finally, an inclusive view of the nature of mathematics as im/pure knowledge system is articulated with the help of various forms of dialectics.     

A CROSS-NATIONAL STUDY OF THE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT IN CHEMISTRY CLASSES AT ALBANIAN,KOSOVAR, ROMANIAN AND TURKISH SECONDARY SCHOOLS

This study is part of a cross-national research entitled In the past and now: Constructivist practices in teaching chemistry—Bulgaria, the Balkans and Europe. The purpose of the research is to explore science secondary classroom environments in terms of the constructivist approach. The study has been carried out at international schools and state schools in Albania, Kosovo, Romania and Turkey. The data collection methods were three surveys: the What Is Happening In This Class? (WIHIC), the Constructivist Learning Environment Survey (CLES) and the Test of Science-Related Attitudes (TOSRA). The questionnaires were given to 747 secondary school students. The results show that in the majority of the surveyed classrooms, a blended traditional-constructivist type of environment is present. The highest scores for all three questionnaires were given by students of the international school in Kosovo. The traditional and test-oriented teaching in the Turkish schools surveyed explains the low degree of satisfaction and enjoyment of science lessons among Turkish students.     

A CROSS-NATIONAL STUDY OF THE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT IN CHEMISTRY CLASSES AT ALBANIAN,KOSOVAR, ROMANIAN AND TURKISH SECONDARY SCHOOLS

This study is part of a cross-national research entitled In the past and now: Constructivist practices in teaching chemistry—Bulgaria, the Balkans and Europe. The purpose of the research is to explore science secondary classroom environments in terms of the constructivist approach. The study has been carried out at international schools and state schools in Albania, Kosovo, Romania and Turkey. The data collection methods were three surveys: the What Is Happening In This Class? (WIHIC), the Constructivist Learning Environment Survey (CLES) and the Test of Science-Related Attitudes (TOSRA). The questionnaires were given to 747 secondary school students. The results show that in the majority of the surveyed classrooms, a blended traditional-constructivist type of environment is present. The highest scores for all three questionnaires were given by students of the international school in Kosovo. The traditional and test-oriented teaching in the Turkish schools surveyed explains the low degree of satisfaction and enjoyment of science lessons among Turkish students.

     

蒙古萨满教的腾格理（天）和哲学范畴的腾格理（天）之比较研究

在蒙古族哲学思想史的研究中，特别是对蒙古汗国时期“蒙哲史”的研究中，弄清宗教（萨满教）和哲学的关系是非常必要的。笔者对蒙古萨满教的腾格理（天）和哲学范畴的腾格理（天）做了比较研究，对二者的区别主要从时代，性质和内涵，形式和特点，中介，作用等五个方面进行阐述；对二者的联系主要从三个方面，即二者的根源是同一方面，重合和一致的方面，后者对前者的继承和发展方面进行阐明。     

合金元素(Cr、Ni、Al、C)对Cr—Ni—Fe基合金高温硫腐蚀的影响

本文研究了含有不同合金元素的Cr—Ni—Fe合金在600℃、Ps_2为48mmHg的硫蒸气下的腐蚀行为,这些合金在此条件下出现了以硫化为主的高温腐蚀。腐蚀产物以多层金属硫化物为主,也夹杂着少量金属氧化物。结果表明:当C含量在0.15％～0.45％时,合金的腐蚀速度在含C量为0.3％时有最小值,合金元素Cr含量的提高,使合金的抗硫腐蚀性能加强,合金元素Ni含量的提高,降低合金的抗硫腐蚀性能;而合金元素Al的加入,由于在合金表面形成了保护性较好的Al_2O_3及CrS的混合层,则显著提高了合金的抗硫腐蚀性。     

N(2,2,0)代数的正规非零零因子的特征

引入N（2,2,0）代数的正规非零零因子的概念,并以正规非零零因子的性质进一步刻画了正则N（2,2,0）代数的特征.     

STUDENT INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE (SITS) SURVEY: DEVELOPMENT,VALIDATION, AND USE OF A NEW INSTRUMENT

This study presents the systematic development, validation, and use of a new instrument for measuring student interest in science and technology. The Student Interest in Technology and Science (SITS) survey is composed of 5 sub-sections assessing the following dimensions: interest in learning science, using technology to learn science, science careers, technology careers, and attitudes toward biotechnology. Our development process included review of existing instrumentation, pilot testing, and expert panel review. The resulting instrument was administered before and after implementation of a biotechnology intervention which used a computer-based game to engage learners in the use of biotechnology to address a societal issue. We employed item response theory (IRT) to explore instrument validity and precision. Results of the psychometric analyses suggest that the SITS survey has a well-defined structure and meets IRT assumptions. Difficulty and discrimination parameters as well as reliability analyses indicate that SITS items provide useful measures of student interest. Finally, we use the SITS to explore the extent to which the intervention used in this study supports changes in student interest and association between students’ interest and related content knowledge. Implications for the future use of this instrument are discussed.     

广义Bochner可积函数空间上线性算子的一个表示定理

本文给出广义Bochner可积函数空间上线性算子积分表示的一个充要条件。     

锰氧化物La1—xAxMnO3（A=Ca,Pb）输运性质中的晶界效应

本文研究了锰氧化物系列中Ｌａ０．７Ｃａ０．３ＭｎＯ３、Ｌａ０．６Ｐｂ０．４ＭｎＯ３多昌样品的输运性质,发现两样品的电阻率随温度的变化曲线在低温下（Ｔ〈０．８Ｔ）。皆存在明显的肩型凸起,与其相应单晶材料的性质有很大不同。作者认为这是晶界效应的贡献所致。文中首先从块层模型出发对昌部晶界效应和本征输运的共同存在及其作用规律进行讨论然后从晶粒内与晶界上两种双交换作用能量的差异探讨晶界效应的一种可能机理。     

EVALUATION OF AN EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY SYLLABUS IN A B.ED. (HONS) COURSE

A survey was carried out among all ex‐B.Ed. (Hons) students who are currently teaching in Maltese state primary and secondary schools to investigate the relevance and interest of the topics covered in the educational psychology and human development area of the course. Using a postal questionnaire, 183 respondents (55 per cent of the population) rated each of 45 topics on a five‐point scale in terms of interest and relevance. The t‐test analyses revealed statistical significance in the difference between the mean interest and relevance ratings for the majority of the topics. The relevance of each topic for the primary and the secondary school teacher was also investigated; in only 9 topics was the difference in the ratings for relevance statistically significant. The implications of the findings for the revision of the syllabus are outlined.     

FOUR YEARS ON – A RETROSPECTIVE VIEW OF THE DIP. H.E. IN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AT AVERY HILL COLLEGE, 1979–83

A thorough process of evaluation, both ongoing throughout the four years and an in-depth exercise in 1982, prior to submission of the revised course to CNAA for renewal of approval, has identified the various strengths and weaknesses of the course as a whole, and of constituent parts of the course. Of interest is the extent to which the course has attracted the mature student (75% or more of the students are mature entrants) and the success that these and the other students have had in transferring directly into the third year of degree programmes at linked institutions. Also of note is the extent to which students have been attracted to the notion of taking a broadly‐based programme of study for two years, which has enabled them to keep their options open for future direction, and the extent that students have subsequently been able to determine a direction for further study by the end of the second year. Another point of interest, and one which was entirely unanticipated, is the way that a proportion of the entrants, which was recruited via the Professional and Executive Register, obviously viewed the generalist study in a course such as this as a means of career reorientation, as well as a route back into Higher Education. All these points have served to vindicate the open policy operated in the selection of students joining the course.     

草鱼鳃上台湾棘带吸虫囊蚴内种群空间格局参数的月变化

报道草鱼鳃上台湾称带吸虫囊蚴内种群的空间格局参数。从1993年8月至1994年4月为期9个月的研究发现：囊蚴内种群每月的方差均较大,且方差／均值都大于1,扩散性指标也大于1,表明囊蚴在草鱼鳃上呈聚集分布;囊蚴内种群每月的平均密度、平均拥挤度、聚块性指标起不相同,表明囊蚴分布的聚集强度各不相同,由负二项参数K值反映出聚集的强度变化,K值越大聚集强度越小,K值越小,聚集强度越大。