Tactical Knowledge in Team Sports From a Constructivist and Cognitivist Perspective

Traditionally, teaching team sports has been based on a strategy that puts forward the mastery of motor skills prior to actual involvement in the game, thus emphasizing physical capacities more than an understanding of the game. Supporting a constmctivist and a cognitivist perspective to the teaching—learning process, this paper focuses on tactical knowledge constructed by the students. In order to shed light on the nature of tactical knowledge envisioned for the students, the systemic and therefore dynamic view of team sports is presented. Categories of knowledge are thereafter illustrated, and three main steps that students go through to construct and stabilize their tactical knowledge are identified. Finally, some similarities and differences between the constructivist and cognitivist perspective presented in this paper and the knowledge-based literature on motor expertise are discussed.     

A Review of the Game-Based Approaches to Coaching Literature in Competitive Team Sport Settings

ABSTRACT

Game-Based Approaches (GBAs) have been advocated as a pedagogy to improve decision-making, skill execution, and physical fitness in physical education teaching and sports coaching. To date, no review paper has reported on the use of GBAs in competitive team sport settings. The purpose of this article was to review the research evidence conducted on GBAs specifically within competitive team sport settings and discuss the implications of these findings for sports coaching researchers and practitioners. The current review identified 23 articles investigating GBAs in competitive team sport settings. The review supports the efficacy of GBAs in the development of athlete decision-making and tactical awareness. GBAs promote personal and social development (e.g. player responsibility) along with positive affective outcomes for athletes (i.e. motivation, enjoyment). There was less support for the development of technical skill through GBAs. The review concludes by identifying future research directions and implications for competitive team sport coaches’ practice.     

浅析安康高校学生排球战术思维的特点

排球运动是一项要求很高的集体项目.二传是场上的灵魂,担负着组织的重任,攻手是全队战术配合的最后实施者.场上队员随情况和位置的变化其战术思维决策过程也在变化,而训练水平高低与专业教师组的战术思维过程有明显的差异.     

Evaluation of the use of team teaching for delivering sensitive content – a pilot study

Many programmes in further and higher education contain sensitive areas of content, such as diversity, racism, power and privilege, breaking bad news, counselling, sex education and ethical decision making. Team teaching may be a useful method for delivering sensitive areas of course content. This article presents a pilot study that was undertaken on the use of team teaching to deliver the ethical decision‐making component of a continuing professional development (CPD) module for trained nurses. The findings of the pilot study are presented and mapped against different models of team teaching from the literature, and they indicate that students found three key benefits of team teaching for this sensitive content area: the value of having differing perspectives; the way in which team teaching enhanced small group work during the teaching session; and the value of team teaching in the development of students' cognitive skills.     

篮球教练员临场指挥工作的基本内容

篮球教练员率队参加篮球比赛时，首先应制定出周密的战略计划并做好相应的准备工作；在此基础上，还要根据临场比赛中出现的具体情况，及时调整全队的战术打法和配合方法，进行灵活而正确的现场指挥。     

Dynamic Systems Theory and Team Sport Coaching

This article examines the theory of dynamic systems and its use in the domains of the study and coaching of team sports. The two teams involved in a match are looked at as two interacting systems in movement, where opposition is paramount. A key element for the observation of game play is the notion of configuration of play and its ever-changing shape, namely through phases of contraction and expansion, and its moving location on the court or the field. Analysis of specific configurations of play by players, or external observers, is discussed in light of the notion of prototypical configuration of play and the process of learning by analogy. Offensive and defensive matrices of play, encompassing play in movement as a systemic whole, are presented as advance organizers that provide players with advance strategic representations of reference key points in the unfolding of game play. These various concepts, along with elements of movement in play, are integrated in a model intended to help players and observers grasp a systemic view of action play and its underlying fulcrums.     

Distributed Cognition in Sports Teams: Explaining successful and expert performance

Abstract

In this article we use a hybrid methodology to better understand the skilful performance of sports teams as an exemplar of distributed cognition. We highlight key differences between a team of individual experts (an aggregate system) and an expert team (an emergent system), and outline the kinds of shared characteristics likely to be found in an expert team. We focus on the way that shared knowledge contributes to expert team performance. In particular, we suggest that certain kinds of shared knowledge (both embodied and declarative) and shared skill, potentially developed through a team’s history of playing and training together, facilitate successful coordination. These kinds of shared knowledge and skill may be less developed in a team of experts without a shared history. Exploring the expert performance of sports teams informs our understanding of distributed cognition and collaboration more generally and creates avenues for further philosophical and empirical investigation.     

‘Teamwork’ or ‘Working as a Team’? The Theory and Practice of Top Team Working in UK Higher Education

This article focuses on the theory and practice of teamwork in ‘top management teams’ in UK higher education institutions. It is informed by some of the key findings from a recent two‐year research project sponsored by the Leadership Foundation for Higher Education that investigated the different ways in which UK higher education institutions organise their ‘top management’ and ‘senior management’ structures ( Kennie and Woodfield, 2008 ). The authors discuss literature from the corporate and higher education sectors on the meaning of ‘teamwork’ in top teams (e.g. Bensimon and Neumann, 1993 ; Katzenbach, 1998 ; Wageman et al., 2008 ) and relate the findings to the challenges of top level team working in higher education settings. Particular issues discussed include: the terminology related to higher education top teams, areas of decision‐making and time‐management, team orientation and agenda setting, team behaviours and team roles, team performance and evaluation, location, logistical support and resources, and team development. The authors conclude that the challenges of top team working in higher education settings are similar to those found in the corporate sector, albeit nuanced by different organisational cultures, and suggest some key principles to help top teams in higher education institutions improve their ability to work effectively together.     

Improving and Maintaining Torque Accuracy in Aerospace Manufacturing: A Case Study

Needs assessment is a systematic and systemic process intended to identify and define gaps between current performance and desired performance. Needs assessments are most beneficial if they address issues that affect successful accomplishment of operational or tactical processes as well as outcomes that allow an organization to meet its overall strategic goals. A team of graduate students took on a needs assessment project to ascertain the causes of declining accuracy in a key task in an aerospace manufacturing process. The project encountered numerous barriers within the client organization, but the team systematically applied human performance technology methods in multiple stages to gather and analyze the available data. The end result was a set of identified root causes and recommended interventions focused on improving performance.     

教师参与课程决策的文化反思

教师参与课程决策是教师课程权的一种具体表现。但在教师参与课程决策的实践过程中遭遇到来自诸如观念文化障碍、制度文化障碍、行为文化障碍等文化障碍因素的影响。为了更好地促进教师参与课程决策,需要从以下几个方面入手：创新教师课程决策文化,以立法形式保障教师课程决策权,构建积极主动的教师课程决策行为文化,构建教师参与课程决策的技术支持文化,加快课程决策的信息化等。     

‘I think we should take this offline . . .’: conversational patterns that undermine effective decision making in action learning sets

Collective decision making is an increasing requirement in organizations where the emphasis is on team work at every level. It is, however, very complex and difficult to achieve in practice. Too frequently, important discussions are bypassed or, while the majority of the meeting participants remain mute, decisions are being made by a vocal few. In other words, the meeting may at first appear to be inclusive in its decision making but the reality may be starkly different. In addition, very little is known about how senior executive groups go about attempting to develop collective decisions. In this action learning action research (ALAR) study, which extended over a six-month period, conversational patterns were identified in which the AL set engaged at precisely the point where they failed to achieve their aim of openly addressing important issues. Through an analysis of three of these patterns, and drawing on the work of Argyris and others, this article demonstrates how difficult topics were avoided by the group, thereby compromising the executives group's capacity to engage in effective collective decision making.     

《孙子兵法》谋略思想在体育竞赛中的运用

由于战争和体育竞赛在直接目的和运用手段上有很多相通之处，故根据孙子的谋略思想，探讨《孙子兵法》和体育竞赛过程(赛前、赛中、赛后)的内在联系和本质规律，丰富和发展体育竞赛的战术理论，提高我国体育竞赛水平，促进竞技体育的快速发展。     

足球运动员战术意识研究综述

通过对足球运动员的战术意识的特征、规律、影响因素、训练方法等问题的研究综述,为全面认识足球运动员的战术意识、建立评价体系和进行科学训练等提供参考.     

高职院校足球战术训练与足球队组建的探讨

足球选项课是高职体育主要的选项课之一,足球战术训练在教学中占有十分重要的位置。根据足球运动战术技能形成的规律和特点组建动态稳定的足球队,通过实战训练,才能让学生更好地学习和掌握不同的足球战术,不断提高高职院校足球运动水平。     

Observing Leadership Roles in Shared Decision Making: A Preliminary Analysis of Three Teams

Despite recent attention to shared decision making as an approach to school reform, relatively little research has been conducted on the topic, and much of that research has relied on interviews and field notes, rather than systematic observation of team functioning. This investigation integrated systematic observations and interviews. The purpose of this study was to describe the leadership behaviors exhibited by principals, team leaders, and other team members (teachers, parents, students). We defined leadership according to team member contributions to decisions (decision content, decision-making processes, and statement function, such as initiating topics and making suggestions). This investigation used a comparative case study approach to examine the shared decision-making teams from three schools during the teams' first year. Results revealed variability in leadership across the three teams. Two teams were characterized by positive group process procedures with active involvement from a number of team members. A third team was dominated by the building principal with minimal input from most team members. This team appeared to be less productive than the other two. These findings are viewed in relationship to prior research literature concerning the ambiguity of team members' roles, lack of clarity concerning the power of shared decision-making teams, and the impact of school vision. Suggestions are made for future research.     

A social-constructivist approach in physical education: Influence of dyadic interactions on tactical choices in an instructional team sport setting

The purpose of this study was to analyze the role of dyadic verbal peer interactions in a team sport such as handball. Participants, 20 boys and 20 girls aged between 11 and 12, were assigned to two learning condition groups. The task was an instructional setting in team handball (2 attackers against 1 defender in each half court). The experimental group with verbal exchanges was expected to obtain higher performances in the post-tests than those who had not interacted verbally between playing sequences. The secondary objective was to investigate whether dyadic gender had an effect on tactical choice and cognitive skills in playing games. The experiment demonstrated the superiority of the dyadic verbal interaction group over the non-interactive group as regards tactical choices and action projects. It also showed gender differences since males performed better females with regard to action efficiency. The results are discussed within the theoretical framework of the social psychology of acquisition and development and within that of teaching for understanding. In conclusion, the socio-constructivist approach would seem to be pertinent in team sport decision-making tasks.     

期刊策划工作简论

策划工作是现代期刊的中心环节,并且是传统期刊与现代期刊的重要分野。现代期刊导入策划概念是市场经济发展的必然要求,现代早策划包括期刊的受众策划、形象策划、发展策划、选题策划、稿源策划、包装策划、营销策划。其中前三种属战略策划,后五种属战术策划。做好策划工作必须优化策划环境、并处理好与其相关的一些问题。     

试析运动技能学习的含义

采用文献法、逻辑分析法,对运动技能概念的本质属性及其课程含义进行分析与探讨,指出能力性质是运动技能的固有属性;运动技能是动作技能的一种,专指在体育运动特定条件下按照一定的技术要求,通过练习而形成的完成某种技术动作的能力。运动技能的构成成分既保持了动作技能本质属性,又具有体育运动文化性操作技能的特质;运动技能是应用运动知识和运用技术动作的产物;重视运动知识的学习与应用,提升运动技能为体育学科能力是体育课程教学的根本目标。     

足球运动员的反应过程及其特征

研究足球运动员的战术意识是广大教练与体育工作者密切关注的课题。足球竞赛中,运动员完成技术动作或战术行动,都受其战术意识的直接支配,运动员战术意识能力的强弱,可通过反应过程的迅速性、准确性与灵活性予与评价。     

Strategic factors and barriers for promoting educational organizational learning

This article uses a global model to analyse empirically how the personal and professional development of educators (personal mastery) facilitates the creation of a series of basic shared values (shared vision) and of team learning by the members of the educational centre, these inter-related strategic factors favouring, in turn, educational organizational learning and subsequent improvement in organizational performance. Likewise, verification is made of different learning barriers that hinder the acquisition, dissemination and sharing of knowledge by blocking shared vision and team learning. Using a national survey in educational centres in Spain, we found that these hypotheses are verified and that organizational learning plays a key role in the generation of organizational performance.