科学健身与现代人的健康

从现代医学、生理学、心理学、社会,就健康与现代生活方式的关系进行论述,指出了有氧代谢运动是健身运动发展的度科学方法.     

EMPOWERING IMAGES OF THE MINISTER AS TEACHER

The resistance of many ministers to the teaching role may be rooted in the dynamics of power and control, as seen in their preference for one‐to‐one and one‐to‐many dimensions of ministry rather than the one‐to‐group context of teaching. Another source of resistance is the minister's narrow understanding of teaching and the minister's limited repertoire of teaching skills. This paper proposes seven metaphors for teaching that can be clustered under one dominant motif—interpreter. These metaphors may empower a minister's move toward a self‐image as teacher     

论当前儿童心理学的研究状况与发展趋势

儿童期为个体身体成熟、心智发展、个性形成的关键时期。为了深刻理解儿童心理学的现状与发展，笔者就儿童心理学中儿童发展观的历史演变轨迹、本学科的研究现状以及发展趋势进行了剖析。     

论地理学科学研究与创新的思维方法

科学思维对地理学研究及知识创造起着指导性作用。分析与综合 ,归纳与演绎、类比、科学假说等思维方法是地理、地质学等学科科学研究与知识创新中常用的思维方法。     

科学假说的信念成分及其对科学知识确定性的影响

科学假说作为对问题的一种试探性和推测性的断言,有信念的成分。由于人们对世界的无知和认识必须有一个确信的支点,使科学研究只能采取并围绕具有信念性的假说形式展开。正是科学假说的猜测性,使得从其出发经过推理论证所获得的科学知识具有更大的不确定性。科学家的工作,就是在经验事实材料与构想的理论假说之间来回穿梭,并试图借助于理性逻辑建立二之间的必然联系。但是这种必然性是不存在的,科学家正是在揭示那虚假的必然性中推动科学发展的。     

科学、科学评判标准和科学精神

科学是对客观事物及其运动发展规律的正确认识，科学的评判标准为可检验性和可重复性，检验包括实验室的检验，也包括其它的人类实践检验。科学精神即求真务实，开拓创新的精神，它有三个内在要求，即要求人们具有怀疑意识，批判理性和谦虚态度。我国公众的科学精神等科学素养有待提高，这是实现现代化的必然要求。     

CHANGES IN THE ORGANIZATION AND THE FINANCING OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN POLAND: DIRECTION AND DILEMMAS

The year 1990 marked a transitional period in the development of science and technology in Poland. A package of bills passed by the Polish Parliament in December 1989 has laid down the basis for the elaboration of a new funding system taking into account the opening and the liberalization of Polish society and the ending of the overcentralized system of control in the areas concerned. The four aims of the proposed reform are the replacement of administrative control over science by co‐operation between the government and the scientific community in the determination of science policy; the diversification of funding methods for basic and applied research; the introduction of the competitive principle with regard to research funding, including peer review for project proposals; and the ending of the separation of science into ‘sections’ of different state organizations. From now on, researchers and research organizations will have to elaborate funding packages for themselves, drawing upon numerous sources, and to adapt themselves to current perceived and expressed national needs. The author cautions, however, that an overemphasis of the market principle could have detrimental effects on academic freedom and on the productivity of theoretical research.

     

现代德育研究中的人文方法论与科学方法论

人文方法论和科学方法论是现代德育研究中两种重要的方法论。前者是在人文科学的土壤上孕育形成的适合于人文科学研究的基本思想和方法的理论。后者则是在自然科学土壤上孕育形成的适合于自然科学研究的基本思想和方法的理论。现代德育研究具有很强的人文性，但人文性并不否定科学性。人文方法论的人文精神和人文方法，科学方法论的科学精神和科学方法对现代德育研究都具有启发和借鉴意义。