基于事件相关电位的不同时间压力和数量下的图标记忆(英文)

为获取人机交互数字界面中图标元素生理评估的相关脑电成分和神经学依据,基于事件相关电位技术,采用改进的样本延迟匹配任务实验范式,研究在不同时间压力(4 000 ms,2 000 ms)和不同图标数量(3个图标,5个图标,10个图标)下图标记忆.实验结果表明:在图标认知过程中,P300有显著波幅差异,并在PZ电极附近存在最大波幅;P200在FCZ附近有明显波幅变化;P300和P200的波幅随任务难度的增加呈增大趋势;P300的潜伏期和任务难度呈现负相关现象.图标记忆特征的事件相关电位研究,对用户神经认知行为和界面可用性生理评估有非常重要的参考价值和指导意义.     

Role of Mimeticism and Spatiality in Textual Recall

Four experiments were conducted to investigate the role of map spatiality and icon mimeticism in facilitating text recall. A secondary goal was to explore an assumption of the conjoint retention hypothesis, that the visuospatial component of working memory is involved in retrieving map information. We manipulated display conditions to evaluate the separate and combined effects of map spatiality and icon mimeticism on text recall. We also utilized a concurrent task paradigm to assess both the recognition of spatial displays and the recall of map feature information. The results of all four experiments point to the mimeticism of icons as the key attribute of maps for facilitating recall, rather than the spatial layout of the map when visual displays and text are presented simultaneously during encoding. We also found no evidence indicating that maps are processed in a more spatial manner than are lists. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

试论柳永的两难处境与儒道思想

柳永一生处于求仕而事业无成、求爱而情感无依的两难困境之中,造成这种人生悲剧的原因,不仅是正统文化与市井文化的对立,更是他所追求的人生道路及其背后儒道思想矛盾,而所有外向的追求使柳永的儒道思想无法达到哲人的完善境界,也就无法完成他自己。柳永的意义在于他努力以排斥于儒道之外的脉脉温情,来否定种种动荡而虚幻的人生追求。     

An Enquiry Into the Role and Importance of Ethics in Scientific Research

In this essay the importance of spirituality (or ethics) in the life of a research scientist is explored. The following four questions are considered: a) Why should the problem be studied? What are the benefits? and For whom? b) How should we approach this problem? c) What if the results of this investigation contradict other theories? What should we do in case of disagreements? and, d) What are the consequences of this study? Who or what is going to be harmed? What are the effects on the environment?

     

对马克思主义中国化研究中几个重要问题的认识——中国社会科学院马克思主义研究院研究员、博士生导师辛向阳访谈

马克思主义中国化研究的基本问题是什么?这些基本问题之间的关系如何?未来马克思主义中国化研究的新的视野或者说新的着力点在哪里?理论联系实际的具体方法是什么?马克思主义中国化理论创新的动力在哪里?中国特色社会主义道路和发展模式的创新性及其国际意义表现在哪里?就以上问题采访了著名马克思主义研究学者辛向阳,他的回答反映了一位马克思主义研究专家的真知灼见。     

Orthodox education in Russian schools: an ideological choice

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this paper is to examine the ideological, political and social implications of the preference for orientating the public school curriculum in Russia towards Orthodox education. In some regions of the Russian Federation, Orthodox preferences increased by 20% over 4 years, and the indices reflecting enchurchment in the Russian regions are consistently lower than in the Moscow region, especially in rural areas. The confusion of Russian moral and patriotic traditions with Orthodox values and the ideological partnership between the public school authorities and the Orthodox organisations could explain the growth in Orthodox preferences. Although most teachers of the Orthodox curriculum, and most of the parents who choose it for their children, are not practising members of the church, Orthodox education implemented in public schools could result in an outcome opposite to the goals of the Orthodox curriculum.     

National Curriculum Assessment in the U.K.

What are the objectives of national curriculum assessment in the United Kingdom? What criteria for assessment were established? What kinds of problems are associated with the assessment?     

Perceptions of Learning: Interviews with First and Second Graders in a Hungarian Primary School

The paper discusses children’ attitudes towards school and learning soon after entering primary school in Hungary. First and second grade primary school students (N?=?33) were interviewed. The interviews explored the following questions: What are the teachers’ and the children’s roles in the classroom? What is learning? Where do children learn? What kind of learning strategies do students use in arithmetic and reading? How are students evaluated in the school? What do students like best about school? The data suggest that the children quickly adapt to the school environment and, on the whole, have a positive attitude towards school and learning but—with a few exceptions—their views on the role of schooling in life reflect traditional, school subject centred goals and values and little awareness of the learning process.     

Context-Dependent Item Sets

What are item sets and how are they being used in testing? What methods are being used to score them? What are the prospects for future use of item sets?     

Development of Performance Assessments in Science: Conceptual, Practical, and Logistical Issues

What are practical and logistical constraints in developing science performance assessments (SPAs)? What are key components in a framework for conceptualizing the process? What are the major steps in SPA development?     

The State of Research in Technical Communication

There have been many attempts to assess the state of research in our field. This article is our attempt to both (1) synthesize recent analyses, opinions, and conclusions concerning the status of technical communication research and (2) propose an action plan aimed at redirecting our field's agenda for its research. We explore these questions: What are the recent research trends in our field? What is and is not promising about our recent approaches to research? Where do we need to go next? What are the critical components for a new agenda for our research?     

Legal Defensibility of Standards: Issues and Policy Perspectives

What legal issues may arise in setting content or performance standards? What precedents are relevant? What practices are defensible?     

论职业中学教师的进修之道

职业中学教师进修的意义何在？国家为职业中学教师的进修提供了怎样的可能、途径与保障？职业中学教师进修的内容有什么特点？本文对此进行浅显探究。     

Informed Test Component Weighting

How can we combine a multiple‐choice assessment with a performance assessment to yield a single score? What alternatives are there for weighting components of a test? What effect does reliability and validity have in component weighting?     

Consultation Training: 26 Years and Three Questions

The purpose of this article is to further graduate-level training in school consultation. Three questions that the first author has encountered throughout the last 26 years while teaching consultation are illuminated in this article: (1) What criteria should be used in selecting a consultation placement? (2) What criteria should be used in selecting a field supervisor? (3) What criteria should be used in evaluating the work of the consultants in the consultation course? Placing these questions into currency in the school psychology training literature may ensue more thinking around these critical issues. A case example provided by the second author is used in synergy with the questions and serves to expound on them.     

The History and Revival of Sunday Schools in Russia

This article considers the high significance of the Russian Orthodox Church’s system of religious education, which is currently being built in the Russian Federation. The great value of this system is due to the fact that Orthodoxy has historically been the most massive and important religion in Russia. Sunday schools are examined as a form of religious Orthodox educating and upbringing. The article defines the specifics of the emergence and historical development of Sunday schools in Russia on the whole and in the Far East in particular. It also discusses the role that modern Sunday schools play for children and adults in Orthodox moral education and spiritual guidance, in preserving Orthodox traditions, and in forming ethical values. The study examines the historical building and modern development of Vladivostok Eparchy. One of the Sunday schools belonging to Vladivostok Eparchy of the Russian Orthodox Church is taken as an example to describe how religious education and raising in Orthodox traditions are organized for children today.     

DEVELOPING STUDENT FIELD EXPERIENCES THROUGH UNIVERSITY‐COMMUNITY COLLABORATIONS

The political, economic, social, equity, and historical influences on the status of kindergarten education and early childhood teacher education in the United States are discussed. There are many sources of data that create a picture of the diverse programs, resources, and opportunities that kindergarten children experience, including the preparation of kindergarten teachers. This article addresses the questions: What does kindergarten curriculum look like today compared with other times? What is the status of full-day kindergarten? What are the influences of the high-stakes testing movement, school budgets, and economic status across communities? How has early childhood state teacher certification changed during the past two decades? What is worthwhile learning? This article takes an editorial position that supports an intellectually significant curriculum in which specially prepared early childhood teachers match teaching with the ways in which kindergarten children learn, and might want to learn more.     

A History of Social Science Measurement

What are the historic oriains of measurement? What v are the basic requirements for fundamental measurement? What are some common pitfalls to avoid? D o item response models meet these needs?