2型糖尿病病人的内脏脂肪性肥胖与血管并发症的关系

目的:探讨2型糖尿病病人内脏型肥胖和血管并发症的关系.方法:采用CT影像学检查方法对50例2型糖尿病病人进行内脏脂肪测定,根据有无内脏型肥胖将病人分为内脏肥胖组和非内脏肥胖组,观察两组血管并发症危险因子情况(血压、血脂).结果:内脏肥胖组的内脏脂肪平均值为127.12cm,非内脏肥胖组为7O.21cm;内脏肥胖组比非肥胖型组有更高的甘油三酯、血压(P<0.01).结论:内脏脂肪肥胖和心血管危险因子密切相关,是引起2型糖尿病血管并发症的重要危险因素.     

三明市高校高级知识分子超重肥胖现象探析

采用测试法、询问法和数理统计法,对三明市高校高级知识分子身体质量指数及相关影响因素进行研究．结果表明：高级知识分子超重、肥胖的现象已较为严重,而且在超重、肥胖的趋势上男性要大于女性．超重肥胖现象主要与高级知识分子日常的饮食习惯和体育锻炼不足有关,也与工作性质有一定的关系．     

体重控制中体育锻炼的作用

当代社会,有很大比例的人面临着同样的健康问题--超重和肥胖。超重和肥胖症受到很多因素的影响,其中最重要的是机体能量的摄入大于能量消耗。健康的体育锻炼是一种可以持续地预防肥胖、控制体重的手段。通过运动的热效应,机体消耗大量过剩的能量,不但能抑制脂肪生成达到控体重的目的,还能燃烧多余的脂肪而使体重下降。实践证明,科学的有氧体育锻炼和健康的饮食相结合,能达到降体重的最佳效果。科学的有氧运动是指经过专业人员个性化测量后设计的运动处方,这些运动强度低、时间长,也能预防运动伤病。除些之外,运动还能提高人们的体质。     

青少年体重影响学业成绩吗--来自中国教育追踪调查的经验证据

超重、肥胖、低体重已成为青少年群体面临的主要健康问题。国内学界有关体质健康与学业成绩的探讨方兴未艾,而聚焦体重状态、使用全国性样本的经验分析较为缺乏。研究基于2013—2014学年、2014—2015学年中国教育追踪调查(CEPS)的数据分析,发现:我国初中生体重水平存在性别与城乡差异,男生较女生更易处于异常体重状态,城镇学生更易超重及肥胖,农村学生更易低体重;OLS和倾向值匹配估计(PSM)结果表明,超重及肥胖学生的学业成绩受到体重状态的显著负向影响,低体重对学业成绩的影响不显著;分性别对比结果显示,体重状态对学业成绩的影响存在性别差异,女生群体学业成绩受到超重及肥胖的消极冲击程度更大。     

肥胖机理初探

机体内有肥胖基因,肥胖基因的表达产物为瘦蛋白,瘦蛋白通过中枢神经系统和内分泌系统调节人的体重,肥胖者是因为"肥胖"的信息不能传至大脑而造成的.     

The association between maltreatment and obesity among preschool children

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether child maltreatment is associated with obesity in preschool children. METHODS: Data were obtained from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a birth cohort study of 4898 children born between 1998 and 2000 in 20 large US cities. At 3 years of age, 2412 of these children had their height and weight measured, and mothers answered items on the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales about three types of child maltreatment--neglect, corporal punishment, and psychological aggression. The frequency of each type of maltreatment behavior in the prior year was analyzed using categories--ever/never for neglect and quintiles for the other two types of maltreatment. Child obesity was defined as measured body mass index (kg/m(2)) > or =95th percentile. RESULTS: Eighteen percent of the children were obese, and the prevalence of any episode of neglect, corporal punishment, and psychological aggression was 11%, 84%, and 93%, respectively. The odds of obesity were increased in children who had experienced neglect (odds ratio 1.56, 95% confidence interval, 1.14-2.14), after controlling for the income and number of children in the household, the mothers' race/ethnicity, education, marital status, body mass index, prenatal smoking, and age, and the children's sex and birth weight. Neither the frequency of corporal punishment nor psychological aggression was associated with an increased risk of obesity. CONCLUSIONS: In a sample of preschool children from 20 large US cities, maternal self-report of neglectful behavior was associated with an increased risk of childhood obesity, after controlling for birth weight, maternal obesity, and multiple socioeconomic factors.     

Discipline cost indices and their applications

Differences in institutional reporting and accounting often reduce the comparability in expenditure data among institutions. This particularly affects interinstitutional comparisons of discipline unit costs, that is, expenditures per credit hour or expenditures per weighted credit hour. To overcome this comparability problem, discipline cost indices have been developed to permit accurate interinstitutional comparisons of relative costs among disciplines. This paper documents how discipline cost indices have been derived, using expenditure data collected from five peer institutions, and how these indices have been implemented in a research university's budget allocation process. Institutional researchers and academic budget planners are the intended audience.Presented at the Thirty-first Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research, San Francisco, May 26–29, 1991.     

Weight changes in children in foster care for 1 year

Objective

The aims of this study of predominately racial/ethnic minority children in foster care (N = 360, birth to 19 years old) in Los Angeles, CA were to examine the (1) prevalence of obesity (≥95 percentile) and overweight/obese (≥85 percentile) upon entrance to foster care (T1) and after 1 year in foster care (T2); (2) comparison of high weight categories to national statistics; (3) relationship of changes in weight status to age, reason for entry into foster care, and placement.

Methods

Chi-square test and McNemar test comparing paired proportions were used to determine whether there were significant changes in the proportion of high weight categories between T1 and T2. Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test were used to evaluate the association between age, placement, and reason for foster care with the change in weight category. Changes in weight were categorized as (1) decreased in weight, (2) remained at overweight or obese, (3) increased in weight, or (4) remained normal.

Results

The proportion of obese and obese/overweight children between ages 2 and 5 were significantly lower at T2 than T1. There were no significant changes in the prevalence of obesity for the total population at T2. Children age 6 or older had a higher prevalence of obesity and overweight/obesity compared to national statistics. Of children at all ages, 64.7% of children of all ages entered foster care with a normal weight and stayed in the normal range during their first year in foster care, 12.2% decreased their weight, 15.4% remained overweight or obese, and 7.7% increased their weight. Age and parental substance use was related to change in weight category from T1 to T2.

Conclusion

Children did not become more overweight or obese in foster care; however 28% of the children were obese or overweight upon entry into foster care. Children who are 6 years or older and obese upon entering foster care should be targeted for weight reduction. The pediatric community and child welfare system need to work together by including weight percentiles in the foster care file and training/monitoring child welfare caregivers in weight reduction interventions.     

Effects of pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain on neonatal birth weight

To evaluate the effects of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (pre-BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) on neonatal birth weight (NBW) in the population of Chinese healthy pregnant women, attempting to guide weight control in pregnancy. A retrospective cohort study of 3772 Chinese women was conducted. The population was stratified by maternal pre-BMI categories as underweight (<18.5 kg/m²), normal weight (18.5–23.9 kg/m²), overweight (24.0–27.9 kg/m²), and obesity (≥28.0 kg/m²). The NBW differences were tested among the four groups, and then deeper associations among maternal pre-BMI, GWG, and NBW were investigated by multivariate analysis. NBW increased significantly with the increase of maternal pre-BMI level (P<0.05), except overweight to obesity (P>0.05). The multivariate analysis showed that both pre-BMI and GWG were positively correlated with NBW (P<0.05). Compared with normal pre-BMI, underweight predicted an increased odds ratio of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) and decreased odds ratio for macrosomia and large-for-gestational-age (LGA), and the results were opposite for overweight. With the increase of GWG, the risk of SGA decreased and the risks of macrosomia and LGA increased. In addition, in different pre-BMI categories, the effects of weight gain in the first trimester on NBW were different (P<0.05). NBW is positively affected by both maternal pre-BMI and GWG, extreme pre-BMI and GWG are both associated with increased risks of abnormal birth weight, and maternal pre-BMI may modify the effect of weight gain in each trimester on NBW. A valid GWG guideline for Chinese women is an urgent requirement, whereas existing recommendations seem to be not very suitable for the Chinese.     

不同运动方式对绝经后肥胖妇女身体成分影响的研究

选取临沂市健康志愿者150人,通过调查受试者的一般情况;用常规方法测量身高、体重;双能X线骨密度吸收仪(DXA)测定身体成分;将随机分为对照组、抗阻训练组、有氧运动组和抗阻 有氧运动组.对照组进行正常的日常活动,其它各组分别进行抗阻训练、有氧运动和力量 有氧运动.通过二次功率自行车试验确定受试者的运动能力.结果表明,中等强度的有氧运动能够有效地阻止体成分的增加,其效果要好于而单纯抗阻训练.绝经后肥胖妇女应以有氧运动和抗阻训练相结合的方式,可达到减少体脂的效果.     

中国基础教育生均经费支出的公平性研究——基于Gini系数和Theil指数的测算

基础教育生均经费支出的公平性影响着教育过程公平和教育结果公平。文章基于1995—2018年基础教育生均经费支出数据和在校生数据,通过计算Gini系数和Theil指数测算了中国基础教育生均经费支出公平性的变化规律。研究发现,1995—2018年中国基础教育生均经费支出公平性总体上处于"比较公平"和"相对合理"水平,且整体上更加公平了;基础教育生均经费支出的省际差异大于区域差异;东部地区基础教育生均经费支出省际差异较大,公平程度较低;全国高中生均经费支出的公平性有降低的趋势。基于以上研究发现,文章提出了相关政策建议。     

四周有氧运动对肥胖青少年体质的影响

目的探讨四周中小强度有氧运动对肥胖青少年的减肥效果以及对其身体形态、身体机能和身体素质的影响.方法以参加封闭式暑期减肥运动营的肥胖青少年48名作为研究对象,测定相关身体形态指标、身体机能指标和身体素质指标.制定个性化的运动处方,四周实验后比较各项指标的变化.结果四周有氧运动后肥胖青少年身体形态指标和身体机能指标显著下降;下肢蹬踏爆发力、右手握力、坐位体前屈、闭眼单脚站立等身体素质指标均显著改善.结论中小强度长时间有氧运动,对于肥胖青少年具有良好的减肥作用,不仅可以降低其体重、体脂率等身体形态指标,同时还提高了心血管系统的机能,明显改善肥胖青少年的身体素质,对青少年的成长起到良好的促进作用.     

Do expenditures other than instructional expenditures affect graduation and persistence rates in American higher education?

During the last two decades, median instructional spending per full-time equivalent (FTE) student at American 4-year colleges and universities has grown at a slower rate than median spending per FTE student in a number of other expenditure categories, including academic support, student services and research. Our paper uses institutional level panel data and a variety of econometric approaches, including unconditional quantile regression methods, to analyze whether these non-instructional expenditure categories influence graduation and first-year persistence rates of undergraduate students.     

The Pedometer as a Tool to Enrich Science Learning in a Public Health Context

The United States is experiencing an obesity epidemic: A science-technology-society public health issue tied to our built environment, which is characterized by heavy dependence on automobiles and reduced opportunities to walk and bicycle for transportation. This presents an informal science education opportunity within “science in personal and social perspectives' to use pedometer technology for enhancing students' understandings about human energy balance. An exploratory study was conducted with 29 teachers to investigate how pedometers could be used for providing academic enrichment to secondary students participating in after-school Health Sciences and Technology Academy clubs. Frequency analysis revealed that the pedometer activities often investigated kilocalorie expenditure and/or incorporated hypothesis testing/experimenting. Teachers' perspectives on learning outcomes most frequently conveyed that students increased their awareness of the importance of health habits relative to kilocalorie intake and expenditure. Pedometers have considerable merit for the regular science curriculum as they allow for numerous mathematics applications and inquiry learning and target concepts such as energy and equilibrium that cut across the National Science Education Standards. Pedometers and associated resources on human energy balance are important tools that science teachers can employ in helping schools respond to the national call to prevent childhood obesity.     

大学生游泳运动减肥现状的调查与分析

大量流行病学研究表明,肥胖与冠心病、高血压、糖尿病及某些肿瘤疾病发生有关。因此,减肥成为肥胖症患者提高健康水平的一个重要手段,而运动减肥是各种减肥方法中最健康的方法,游泳运动减肥也因其特殊性成为广受欢迎的运动减肥项目之一。针对此,采用文献资料研究法、访谈法、问卷调查法、数理统计法对太原市大学生游泳运动减肥现状进行调查与分析研究,为大学生游泳运动减肥提供有效的减肥方法。     

基于IOWA算子的安徽省城镇居民人均消费支出的组合预测

以1992-2012年的安徽省城镇居民人均消费支出的数据,运用多元回归与时间序列结合的模型预测、ARIMA模型预测和灰色预测三种单项预测方法,以预测的误差平方和最小为准则,建立IOWA组合预测模型,并以安徽省城镇人均消费支出为例进行实证分析,发现组合预测模型在整体上都优于每一单项预测方法,对我国居民消费支出预测和研究城镇居民人均消费具有重大意义。     

瘦素与运动减肥的分析研究

瘦素(Leptin)是近年来发现的激素,合理的体育运动(运动负荷量和时间)与肥胖人体内所含瘦素水平存在着一定的相关性,长期有氧运动可降低血瘦素浓度,减少脂肪组织OB基因的表达,从而达到维持能量平衡和减轻体重的目的。     

Applicability to foraging simulation of a reinforcement schedule controlling the response energy of pigeons

In optimal foraging theory (OFT), energy expenditure is an important variable for predicting foraging behavior. However, early studies, including operant simulations of foraging, did not measure energy expenditure. In the present study, an adjusting energy (AE) schedule was developed to control energy expenditure. Interresponse energy (IRE), a measure of the energy expenditure during a response, was calculated by dividing the square of the elapsed time between two consecutive responses by the square of the straight-line distance between the locations of the same two responses. An adjusting procedure was employed to estimate the indifference point between the requirements of the AE schedule and a fixed ratio (FR) schedule, which has been used in many operant simulations. In the adjusting procedure, pigeons adjusted the requirement of the AE schedule to that of the FR schedule. The results showed a systematic relationship between the requirements of the AE and FR schedules. Moreover, the total IRE per reinforcement systematically increased with the AE requirement. Thus, the present study demonstrates the utility of the AE schedule as a procedure for testing the validity of OFT.     

Matters of Size: Obesity as a Diversity Issue in the Field of Early Childhood

This article is a synthesis of research on the consequences of obesity for all stakeholders in the field of early childhood: young children, family members of young children, and teachers of young children. The article examines the effects of obesity on the wellness, self-esteem, peer relationships, and social status of children/families and early childhood teachers. The argument is set forth that discrimination on the basis of body size is often thinly veiled classism and racism and the paper calls for an acceptance of size diversity in the early childhood field. Practical recommendations for working with children who are seriously overweight and with families conclude the article.