Weighting of different orientation sources in conflict experiments inBlattella germanica (L.), Dictyoptera: Blattellidae

Control exerted by different categories of spatial information on short-distance return to shelter by young cockroach larvae and weighting of different information sources in conflict situations were investigated. In the absence of landmark cues, larvae preferred information given by path integration with kinesthetic cues over scototactic cues. When two landmark cues with a particular angular position between them were shifted 180°, larvae relied on these learned landmarks provided that their relative angular position was kept unchanged. When only one of the landmark cues was shifted 180°, larvae preferred to use the path integration system. When larvae could not use path integration cues, a modified configuration of the landmarks disturbed them. They relied on scototactic cues, although some seemed to rely on either one of the landmarks to find their shelter. Cockroaches could change the order of importance that they normally attributed to certain classes of spatial information (in increasing order: scototaxis, path integration, and learned visual landmarks) in relation to ongoing conditions.     

Search for a hidden goal by clark’s nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana) is more accurate inside than outside a landmark array

In three experiments in which an open-room delayed response task was used, we explored how Clark’s nutcrackers use landmarks to search for a hidden goal when multiple potential goal locations were present. In Experiment 1, nutcrackers presented with three spatialsamples were able to use relative local cues from an array that changed positions throughout a session to return to a hidden goal during a test. In Experiment 2, the number of samples varied from one to three prior to the test. The nutcrackers performed as well with one sample as with two or three samples. In Experiment 3, we attempted to increase the cost of searching for the goal but, in contrast to previous reports with nutcrackers, found no improvement in search accuracy. Across all experiments, search accuracy varied reliably for different goal locations, but the pattern of performance at each location was generally consistent. This result suggests that nutcrackers may be using different types of spatial information, depending on goal-landmark relationships. This research was supported by NSF Grant IBN 9421807.     

论英汉语言主要差异的根源

英汉语言差异甚多，其根源主要在于中西传统哲学、思维模式、自然地理环境不同。文章就上述三个方面逐一探讨比较，并指出：汉语是分析语言，遣词造句深受中国传统哲学整体观、中国传统思维（以人为中心，多形象思维）及半封闭大陆型自然地理环境的影响；英语是综合语言，受西旁传统哲学分析观、西方传统思维（以物为本且多抽象思维）及其海洋型自然地理环境的影响，语言表现形式与前者截然不同。     

‘Talent circulators’ in Shanghai: return migrants and their strategies for success

This paper argues for a flexible identity and citizenship framework to explore how return migrants, haigui, have readapted and re-established themselves back into Shanghai society, and how they have used their talents, knowledge and guanxi networks to optimise their chances of success. It argues that these return migrants, as talent circulators in their circulatory migration process, have adopted a flexible identity and citizenship, to confront their conflicting emotions and negotiated sacrifices for the well-being of their individual self and family as they expand their socio-economic and territorial space.     

Life on Mars: headteachers before the National College

In the hit BBC TV drama Life on Mars Sam Tyler had an accident and woke up in 1973. Is he mad, in a coma or actually back in time? As the drama unfolds he experiences a world without performance audits but also one without the safeguards for arrest, detention and the interviewing of suspects mandated by the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (1984). The acclaimed series has led to flights of nostalgia, not least for a world in which police could get on with ‘real policing’ without ‘unnecessary’ paperwork. In this article, we will metaphorically go back in time to contemporary and historical practices of headship in English schools. If a headteacher from 2009 were to wake up in 1973 what would they understand about their work, what would be the same, what would be different? What taken‐for‐granted current practices might get them into trouble, what might frustrate them – and what might delight them that they would bring back to the current job if they could? Mobilising Bourdieu’s thinking tools, we will examine these questions through an analysis of published and unpublished texts produced by heads about their work.     

基于Dewey编码的XML多重索引

与标准的方法XQuery查询语言不同,XML文档的关键字查询能使用户方便地访问XML数据,不必考虑数据复杂模式和掌握复杂查询描述语言。文章对关键字查询中索引技术进行研究,提出了一种基于Dewey编码的查询索引进行解决,以综合分析XML数据的值信息和结构信息,达到子树返回和路径返回的精确查询的目标。     

Theory of mind in dogs: is the perspective-taking task a good test?

Udell, Dorey, and Wynne (in press) have reported an experiment in which wolves, shelter dogs, and pet dogs all showed a significant preference for begging from a person who faced them (seer) over a person whose back was turned to them (blind experimenter). On tests with the blind person’s eyes covered with a bucket, a book, or a camera, pet dogs showed more preference for the seer than did wolves and shelter dogs. We agree with the authors’ position that most of these findings are best explained by preexperimental learning experienced by the subjects. We argue, however, that the perspective-taking task is not a good test of the domestication theory or of the theory of mind in dogs. The problem we see is that use of the perspective-taking task, combined with preexperimental learning in all the subjects, strongly biases the outcome in favor of a behavioral learning interpretation. Tasks less influenced by preexperimental training would provide less confounded tests of domestication and theory of mind.     

Ratings of usability of didactic models: a comparative case study in Croatia and Germany

The study refers to the unfavourable reputation and status of general didactics as well as its decreasing importance in teacher education. This is a result of poor performance achieved in international tests by students. They score low on knowledge and arguments, and empirical studies indicate that didactic models are useless. In view of the above problem, the aim of this article is to examine the validity of the argument that didactic models are useless. It is necessary to examine if general didactics are being in an unfavourable position along with its possible successors in the international context. In order to achieve that, we conducted an empirical study into the usability of didactic models for lesson planning in Croatia and compared it with the results obtained in previous research in Germany. The term usability means the advantages of theory in practice. On the basis of the results of the empirical study, we concluded that didactic models are not generally unusable. Additionally, they are different according to their usability. These results open a path for further research on this topic in the international context.     

LOVE AND RUIN(S): ROBERT FROST ON MORAL REPAIR

This essay begins where Alasdair MacIntyre's After Virtue begins: facing a moral world in ruin. MacIntyre argues that this predicament leaves us with a choice: we can follow the path of Friedrich Nietzsche, accepting this moral destruction and attempting to create lives in a rootless, uncertain world, or the path of Aristotle, working to reclaim a world in which close‐knit communities sustain human practices that make it possible for us to flourish. Jeff Frank rejects MacIntyre's framework and in this essay attempts to create an alternative path, one of moral repair. Through a close reading of several poems from Robert Frost's North of Boston, Frank develops the notion of moral repair and describes its ethical and educational implications.     

论科学教育的逻辑 ——基于个体"成人"的视角

科学教育的前提是对科学本身和个体成长的认识:科学的发展为其提供了内容、方向和基本理念,个体成长的内在规律则制约着其起点、方式和价值目标。"科学"是指引人认识和理解自身以及周遭世界的一种方式,科学教育要培养个体正确地处理自身与世界关系的基本能力和态度,这也关涉个体如何"成人"和更"好"生活的问题。由此,我们需要回到个体"成人"的内在秩序来重新梳理科学教育的展开理路,以认识自然(求真)和追寻美善生活(求善)为基本维度,以理性的完善为中心,引导个体以科学的方式和精神进入"科学的世界",实现其内在成长。     

Dynamic and spatial representation of web movements and navigational patterns through the use of navigational paths as data

Solving real-world problems is an effective learning activity that promotes meaningful learning in formal educational settings. Problems can be classified as being either well structured or ill structured. Internet information search approaches have an influential role to play in the successful performance of problem solving. A better understanding of how students differentially model information search strategies and movements in tackling well- and ill-structured problems is essential for creating engaging problem-solving environments for students. Static measures, such as the number of accessed nodes or links, or the number of times particular web browser function buttons are clicked, are limited in their ability to analyze attributes of information search patterns. A more dynamic and spatial representation of web movements and navigational patterns can be realized through the use of navigational paths as data. The two path-specific structural metrics that can be used to assess network-based navigational paths in relation to the structuredness of the problem-solving task are compactness and stratum. These metrics are, respectively, the indicators of the connectedness and linearity of network-based structures defining students’ online navigational visitations during the problem-solving sessions. This study explored the relevance and utility of these two metrics in analyzing the navigational movements of learners in seeking out electronic information to accomplish successful problem solving. The outcome findings of this study show that well- and ill-structured problems demand different cognitive and information seeking navigational approaches. The differing values of the two path metrics in analyzing the search movements organized by students in attending to well- and ill-structured problems were a direct result of the contrasting patterns of navigational path movements. The search patterns associated with well-structured problem solving tended to be more linear and less connected, whereas those related to ill-structured problem solving were more distributed and inter-connected.     

Independent volume-in and volume-out control of an open circuit pump-controlled asymmetric cylinder system

To avoid the flow asymmetry of a closed circuit pump-controlled asymmetric cylinder system, an efficient open circuit pump-controlled asymmetric cylinder system (OPACS) with an independent displacement volume-in and volume-out (VIVO) control method is proposed. The energy transmission path of the OPACS was analyzed, and an energy calculation model was built. A position-pressure combined control method was adopted to validate the proposed OPACS. Based on a 0.6-MN open circuit pump-controlled forging press system, a series of experiments with different return cylinder pressures were conducted. The experimental results confirmed that the proposed OPACS with the position-pressure combined control method was able to recover energy to reduce the installment power without sensitivity to the return cylinder’s pressure variation and that the position accuracy and rapidity could be improved by increasing the pressure in the return cylinder.     

Updated Bayesian detection of foundation parameter with Jeeves pattern search theory

Updated Bayesian detection of foundation parameters in the specific foundation mechanical model was studied based on Jeeves pattern search theory. Firstly, the updated Bayesian objective function for general foundation parameters was derived which could synchronously take the stochastic property of systematic parameters and systematic responses into account. Then the governing differential equations for the Winkler foundation model were gained with elastic Mindlin plate theory and the Fourier close form solution of the foundation model was achieved with the Fourier transform method. After the step length of pattern movement was determined with the quadratic parabolic interpolation method, the updated Bayesian detection of stochastic foundation parameters was resolved with Jeeves pattern search theory and then the corresponding detection procedure was completed. Through particular example analysis, the updated Bayesian detection of stochastic foundation parameters has excellent numerical stability and convergence during iterative processes. Jeeves pattern search theory is unconcerned with the partial derivatives of systematic responses to foundation parameters, and undoubtedly has satisfactory iterative efficiency compared with the available Kalman filtering or conjugate gradient detections of the significant foundation parameters. If the iterative processes are efficiently convergent, it is an important prerequisite that the systematic response assignment should be accurate enough. The derived Jeeves pattern search method with updated Bayesian theory can be applied in other kinds of foundation parameters.     

Transformational professional development: (re)claiming agency and change (in the margins)

With performativity and evidence-based teaching, the development of action research (AR) by teachers brings tensions and challenges as teachers move outside their comfort zones and question their practice. This article draws on a small-scale research study developed with teachers. It was funded as part of a professional development initiative by a Teaching School Alliance to support partner schools with university support to build teacher-led systematic research into everyday practice. The dataset combined interviews with teachers about their motivations and experiences, field notes from the sessions, the teachers’ final written reports and their evaluation surveys about the project. This article offers a unique perspective on teachers as researchers in a new age of work-based AR with the risk of research by teachers in schools being regarded as part of an uncritical ‘tick box’ performative and celebratory culture. However, the authors argue that teacher research can contribute to a transformational approach to professional development working as an antidote and a source of (re)professionalization based on the outcomes of collaboration, reflection and attention to the singularity of their ‘contexts-for action’ and specific pupils’ needs.     

Unwelcome stranger to the system: vocational education in early twentieth-century China

Both in China and internationally, educators and policy makers claim that vocational education and training (VET) is essential for the sound economic development of a country and the physical and social well-being of its population. However, China looks back upon a century-long history of rejection when it comes to popularising VET, despite attempts, both in the present and in the past, to invest in its implementation. Much of the literature attributes this lack of success to the failed, or distorted, transfer of Western educational models or simply to policy drift.

The article approaches this history of rejection by tracing back the original Chinese encounters with Western-style vocational education. After an introductory discussion of different scholarly attempts at explaining failed transfers of VET, I look at how this transfer actually took place when VET was first introduced to China. Therefore, the focus will be on the first decades of the twentieth century and a group of Chinese actors who were pivotal in importing VET models from abroad and building up a nationwide vocational education programme (primarily members of the Chinese Association of Vocational Education). I will argue that vocational education, when introduced to China from abroad, was embedded in an existing framework of systematic and widely practised discrimination and segregation of the population. Therefore, it was less the Westernness of VET that made it undesirable to many Chinese, but its specific – and specifically Chinese – integration into existing practices of allocating cultural capital.     

Spatial abilities and anatomy knowledge assessment: A systematic review

Anatomy knowledge has been found to include both spatial and non‐spatial components. However, no systematic evaluation of studies relating spatial abilities and anatomy knowledge has been undertaken. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the relationship between spatial abilities test and anatomy knowledge assessment. A literature search was done up to March 20, 2014 in Scopus and in several databases on the OvidSP and EBSCOhost platforms. Of the 556 citations obtained, 38 articles were identified and fully reviewed yielding 21 eligible articles and their quality were formally assessed. Non‐significant relationships were found between spatial abilities test and anatomy knowledge assessment using essays and non‐spatial multiple‐choice questions. Significant relationships were observed between spatial abilities test and anatomy knowledge assessment using practical examination, three‐dimensional synthesis from two‐dimensional views, drawing of views, and cross‐sections. Relationships between spatial abilities test and anatomy knowledge assessment using spatial multiple‐choice questions were unclear. The results of this systematic review provide evidence for spatial and non‐spatial methods of anatomy knowledge assessment. Anat Sci Educ 10: 235–241. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.     

Direct and Indirect Effects of Parenting on the Academic Functioning of Young Homeless Children

Research Findings: Effects of parenting quality on the academic functioning of young homeless children were examined using data from 58 children ages 4 to 7 and their parents during their stay at an emergency homeless shelter. Parenting quality, child executive function, child intellectual functioning, and risk status were assessed in the shelter, and teacher reports of academic functioning were obtained when the children began kindergarten or 1st grade. As hypothesized, parenting quality was associated with children's academic success, and this effect was mediated by executive function skills in the child. Parenting quality also had a moderating effect on risk, consistent with a protective role of high-quality parenting among children with higher risk levels. Concomitantly, children with higher risk and lower parenting quality appeared to be more vulnerable to academic problems. Practice or Policy: In homeless families, parenting may play an especially important role in academic success through multiple pathways, including the development of executive function skills in their children. Policies and practices to support parents and foster the executive function skills of young children in homeless families may be important strategies to promote child academic success. Implications for intervention efforts with homeless parents and children are discussed.     

最民间的,恰恰是最宗教的--于坚民间诗学的基督教文化背景

于坚认为，诗歌在20世纪被意识形态、知识和乌托邦等形而上因素所遮蔽，而越来越远离自身。真正的诗歌乃是存在；诗的言说即是经由存在通达神圣的路径；其方式是回到大地、回到日常生活现场和当下体验。于坚民间诗学的背后明显有基督教神学背景。     

张继科与王皓的接发球技战术比较研究

采用文献资料、录像观察、数理统计等方法,对我国优秀乒乓球运动员张继科与王皓在2011年世界乒乓球锦标赛和世界杯的两场男单决赛共计12局比赛中接发球技战术进行分析,从技术、线路、落点、得失分4个维度对比赛中接发球特征与规律进行对比研究.结果表明:张继科与王皓比赛中接发球都以进攻性技术为主,控制性技术为辅.但王皓控制性技术的使用率高于张继科,而进攻性技术的使用率低于张继科;张继科、王浩接发球技术均以反手拧和摆短为主;张继科接发球线路使用率前三位的是中路、反手直线和反手斜线,王浩接发球线路使用率最多的是中路;张继科在比赛中接发球落点集中控制在中路长球8号位、反手位长球7号位和中路半出台球5号位,王浩在比赛中接发球落点集中控制在中路长球8号位和中路半出台球5号位;王皓在比赛中接发球的得失分率都要比张继科高,说明王皓在比赛中接发球的侵略性、变化要比张继科强,但王皓接发球的稳定性还不够高,失误较多.     

Like a Stone: A happy death and the search for knowledge

Abstract

This article explores the story of ‘the other Mersault’ whose narrative is published in the posthumous and arguably incomplete work A happy death. That this work is incomplete and that it appears (particularly through a reading of Camus’ notebooks) to be a precursor to The outsider, has arguably limited scholarly analysis of its character and plot. However, the themes that are explored in A happy death are significant in their distinction to those themes that are experienced by the other, younger, Meursault. In A happy death the world must be conquered by the will of a young man to find his happiness. He is not an outsider, and he is not content with his lot. Given an opportunity to address this latter concern, he acts upon his life in a search for happiness and in so doing engages in an ultimately frustrating, yet in some way enlightening, quest. In this article Mersault’s search for happiness is plotted in relation to his thinking about time, childhood, happiness and death. His journey is considered in relation to other stories of the search for some greater human condition. It is argued that his will to be happy reveals the absurdity of searching or not searching. This absurdity is considered in relation to the nature and purpose of school in the sense that such a relation to the search for knowledge might free school from its disciplinary tasks … and frees the learner, the child, the teacher, from the violence of having to want to know.