经由逻辑追溯科学的本体论基础

科学是西方文化的产物。经过逻辑 ,科学与西方哲学的本体论紧密相连。从苏格拉底到柏拉图到亚里士多德 ,本体论一步一步得以成熟 ,而亚里士多德在发展和完善本体论的同时 ,以本体论为前提和基础创立了逻辑。通过逻辑 ,可以看清楚科学的本体论根源。     

通过多种途径探讨西藏人工防雹效果检验方法

本文对我区的防雹现状和目前国内外广泛使用的人工防雹效果检验评估方法、受益面积计算、经济效益估算进行较系统的比较和评述,希望对我区今后人影工作开展、探讨人工防雹效果检验方法有所帮助。     

The three facets of knowledge: A critique of the practice-based learning theory

The community of practice learning theory (Lave and Wenger, 1991) can be credited with establishing the social basis of learning, viewing it as occurring through participation in social practices and activities. However, it remains silent on the cognitive content of what is learned by participants in a community of practice. Nor does it address explicitly the role of individuals in the knowing process. Individuals are merely depicted in terms of a desire to belong to a community, progressing from a peripheral participation position to a more central one. The aim of the present paper is to assess the contribution of Lave and Wenger's (1991) practice theory for educational and other learning social settings. In a schooling context, for instance, Lave and Wenger's (1991) account of learning would imply that what students learn at school is how to relate and belong to the school community. By reducing learning and knowing to participation, and by displacing cognition from individuals to anonymous practices, the practice-based epistemology ignores the significant corpus of content knowledge (such as curriculums) and ascribes too passive a role to individuals and glosses over their differentiated access to resources for changing practices and their differentiated efforts in their social and cognitive development. The present paper suggests an approach to knowledge that takes into account the various facets of knowledge, that is, knowledge as knowledge-productive practices, as content, and as relation to a knowing subject, at the same time preserving the sociality of knowledge and learning.     

Achieve Research Excellence through Improvement of Science Assessment System

<正>With the support of the Consultation and Evaluation Committee of the Academic Divisions of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS),a task force headed by CAS Member FANG Rongxiang recently conducted a project entitled Science Value Assessment in an Increasingly Globalized World.Based on the study,the researchers presented a report on the improvement of China’s science assessment system.The following paragraphs present the major ideas of this report.     

培根科学观新解

弗兰西斯.培根在西方科学史上是以倡导“知识就是力量”以及人类对自然的征服与改造而著称的,在当代,西方女性主义者则因此把他列为父权制科学观的始作俑者。然而,西方思想史的深入研究表明,培根的科学观具有非常复杂的内涵,后世的解读赋予了过多的世俗化含义,因此我们有必要予以重新解读与评估。     

叛舰喋血记的科学

对于英国舰船“恩惠号”上的叛乱，通常的解释是好人christian对暴虐的船长Bligh的抗争。但2003年，Caroline Alexander推出了一本翻案的新书《恩惠号》，把Bligh重新塑造为英雄，而把christian贬斥为懦夫。在经过400页扣人心弦的叙事之后，Alexander暗示这次叛乱可能与“塔西提岛上的诱惑”以及“Bligh的粗口”     

Gender and sex bias in COVID-19 epidemiological data through the lens of causality

The COVID-19 pandemic has spurred a large amount of experimental and observational studies reporting clear correlation between the risk of developing severe COVID-19 (or dying from it) and whether the individual is male or female. This paper is an attempt to explain the supposed male vulnerability to COVID-19 using a causal approach. We proceed by identifying a set of confounding and mediating factors, based on the review of epidemiological literature and analysis of sex-dis-aggregated data. Those factors are then taken into consideration to produce explainable and fair prediction and decision models from observational data. The paper outlines how non-causal models can motivate discriminatory policies such as biased allocation of the limited resources in intensive care units (ICUs). The objective is to anticipate and avoid disparate impact and discrimination, by considering causal knowledge and causal-based techniques to compliment the collection and analysis of observational big-data. The hope is to contribute to more careful use of health related information access systems for developing fair and robust predictive models.     

联合 创新 实现跨越发展——三种光学类学术期刊的改革实践

本文以三种光学类学术期刊为例，指出了当前科技期刊编辑部单一运行的不足，通过分析存在问题，改革举措，取得实效等方面，提出了走联合之路的对策。改革措施包括成立联合编辑部、建立栏目编辑和特约编辑制度、改变运行机制、强化宣传服务工作等。     

科学学的基本规律探讨

知识代谢现象反映学科生长与学科萎缩规律、知识生态现象体现学科结构与学科关联规律、知识渗透现象表现学科交叉与学科融通规律 ,探讨了这些规律的表达方式。     

Protective behavior in ride-sharing through the lens of protection motivation theory and usage situation theory

The frequent occurrence of security incidents in ride-sharing is a challenge for the survival of IT-enabled ride-sharing platforms. Passengers’ protective behavior is an effective means to alleviate this issue, with benefits to both the passengers and the platforms. This study explores the mechanisms of passengers’ protective behavior in the ride-sharing context by combining protection motivation theory (PMT) and usage situation theory. We test our hypotheses using data (n = 346) collected from a field survey based on a real scenario. The findings reveal that PMT and usage situation theory work well to explain passengers’ protective behavior during ride-sharing. This study explains the motivation behind passengers’ protective behavior in the ride-sharing context, extends the contents of PMT by exploring its antecedents, and extends the contents of usage situation theory by introducing a new dimension. Our findings can help ride-sharing platforms take appropriate strategies to improve passengers’ protective behavior.     

科学技术学:一个值得关注的新领域

在回顾新学科发展史的基础上，分析了国外科学技术学的最新动态，认为科学技术学作为一门以科学技术为研究对象的新兴学科正在形成之中，中国学术界相关研究的及时跟进具有积极意义；从研究内涵看，科学技术学是一门主要以经验方法对科学进行整体研究的综合性学科。     

“科技援藏”对“科技支疆”的启示

科技援藏是上世纪90年代科技界积极响应全国支援西藏这一战略决策而开展起来的,是发达地区以科技无偿援助方式支持欠发达地区科技发展的尝试和探索。全国科技支疆行动是2007年科技部与新疆共同发起的一项重要工程,旨在通过政府引导、市场导向、多方合作、互利共赢这一科技合作方式支持新疆又好又快发展。科技援藏与科技支疆都是国家统筹区域协调发展战略的重要体现,但二者又有所不同。科技援藏工作开展十余年来积累了大量的成功经验,这对于当前开展好全国科技支疆无疑具有很好的借鉴和启发意义。     

新时期天津科技兴贸发展的战略思考

本文通过总结天津科技兴贸工作几年来取得的成绩和存在的问题,对新时期天津科技兴贸的进一步发展提出了一些思路和建议.     

政府和社会资本合作推进科技创新的机制研究

目前,我国经济社会领域PPP(公私合作)模式相关改革尚未直接涉及科技创新,科技创新领域相关改革也无PPP模式的具体规范,PPP模式亟待向科技创新基础设施及公共服务领域拓展深化。要实现"十三五"全社会RD经费支出投入强度目标,离不开PPP模式。将政府直接投资变为社会化融资,政府管理转为公私合作治理、专业化运作,固定资产投入转向市场化机制激励,不仅可以提升财政科技创新资金引导放大效应,实现公私利益双赢,还能带动各部门科技创新资源统筹优化配置。典型国家以PPP模式撬动社会资本投入科技创新基础设施及公共服务的相关经验表明,在规则透明的基础上密切公私创新合作关系,明确项目全生命周期管理要求,既可以缓解财政科技创新支出压力,减轻政府部门职能错位、越位和缺位问题,还能显著激励全社会提高科技创新投入,提升公共科技创新资源及全社会科技创新资源的配置效率。最后结合"十三五"科技创新资源配置需求,提出3点建议:(1)充分调动科技创新综合协调部门与专业部门的"双积极性";(2)以PPP模式建设高起点专业化的国家创新网络;(3)将政府和社会资本合作推进科技创新纳入法制化轨道。