“教师课堂教学行为有效性研究”的实践和思考

＂教师课堂教学行为有效性研究＂强调课题研究的过程管理,提出以＂五个推进＂为抓手,进一步提升教师课堂教学行为的有效性,建设健康课堂。     

Enhancing participation in primary school and class councils through visual communication

In the context of citizenship education, many UK primary schools have recently set up school councils. Previous research has overlooked the importance of exploring communicative practices specific to school councils and the implications for children's participation. This paper draws on an action‐orientated research project with teachers in three Norfolk primary schools, which began with ethnographic observation of school and class council meetings. By developing alternative visual strategies for facilitating communication in meetings (based on a methodology known as PRA), teachers were able to encourage involvement by more children and enable them to have a greater voice in decision‐making. We argue that the common focus on adult procedures in school councils puts the emphasis on teaching children about their future role as citizens and can limit children's ownership of decision‐making processes. The alternative is to create contexts in which children have a sense of the democratic purposes of their school council in the here and now, by providing children with means (such as the visual strategies) that are consistent with those purposes and prioritizing action as an end.     

Teachers designing curriculum as professional development: A model for transformational science teaching

We have designed a model for transformational science teaching focused on linking theory and practice through curriculum decision making that has been the framework for professional development sessions for middle-grade science teachers during the past 5 years. Interviews with teachers revealed that their experiences with curriculum development were of significant value in making decisions concerning the design of classroom environments. As teachers reflected on current research about teaching and learning, in collaboration with university scientists and science educators, they were informed by theoretical perspectives which held implications for their practice. Curriculum development became a vehicle for professional development and school reform; however, it was vital that the teachers were in clear communication with their administrators and communities concerning reform issues. Students and teachers from schools implementing the model and from control sites were interviewed to determine the model's influence on instructional practices and student attitude and achievement in science. The five-phase model for transformational science teaching is discussed here, accompanied by teacher comments about tensions experienced at each phase. This discussion is followed by an analysis of teacher and student interview data that reveals teachers' use of instructional strategies and students' attitudes toward science. Results and analysis of student performance on a mandated end-of-grade science test are also included. From this evidence, we recommend a new design for professional development opportunities for teachers that engages them in decision making as they reflect about the connections between theory and practice and the value of continually testing, revising, and reevaluating curriculum and instructional issues. J Res Sci Teach 34: 773–789, 1997.     

教师教学民主观调查——以H市初中教师为例

对H市280名初中教师进行教学民主观问卷调查发现:初中教师最认同的教学民主观是"教学民主的核心是尊重学生的人格、个性、差异等";初中教师认为课堂教学对推进教学民主最重要;不同年龄的教师对备课环节对于教学民主的重要性认知差异显著,不同任教科目的教师对作业布置与批改环节的重要性认知上差异显著。为树立正确的教学民主观,应该在充分考虑教师年龄、任教科目差异的基础上,普及教学民主知识、丰富教师对教学民主的认识,多角度审视教学民主,以课堂为主阵地推进教学民主。     

Democratic school leadership reforms in Kenya: cultural and historical challenges

In this article we discuss students’, teachers’ and school principals’ perceptions of democratic school leadership reforms in Kenya. The article is based on a study that was conducted in two phases. In phase one (conducted between September and December 2007), interviews were undertaken with 12 school principals in which understandings of democratic school leadership were explored. These data were then used to develop a rationale for selecting the case schools. The second phase (conducted between January and April 2008) was an in‐depth case study of two schools. The findings reveal that school principals have made efforts to inculcate democratic school leadership by involving teachers in decision making on school matters. The principals also allow students to participate in matters such as election of prefects and holding class and house meetings. However, most teachers and principals do not support what they referred to as ‘full democracy’ for students and instead prefer what they called ‘partial democracy’ based on historical and cultural factors.     

研究性学习中的问题意识培养

当前,研究性学习作为一种课程模式已经纳入中小学的课程计划,并已经在一些地区实施。但在实施中发现,学生普遍缺乏问题意识。问题意识是研究性学习能否真正得以实施的关键。研究性学习呼唤学生的问题意识,同时,实施研究性学习的最终目的是为了呵护并发展学生的问题意识。因此,实施研究性学习必须保护学习的问题意识,实行以问题为纽带的教学,积极进行课程改革,使教学内容紧密联系学生的实际。     

浅谈新课程下的化学课堂教学实施策略

课堂教学是新课程实施的基本途径。化学教师可利用化学学科特点,采用生成性的教学;挖掘化学教学资源,采取反思性的教学;把握课程理念,重视基础性的教学;关注三维目标,注重全面性的教学;突出学生主体,构建探究性的教学等策略实施课堂教学,适应新课程的变化和挑战。     

我国教师领导力现状及其影响因素的调查研究——以广东省为例

利用自编的专家效度问卷,就教师领导力的现状及其影响因素对广东省内756名中小学骨干教师进行了问卷调查。结果显示:教师在参与学校事务决策过程中不具有相应影响力,学校的垂直管理体制和教师参与学校事务的渠道单一,导致教师较少有参与学校事务决策的机会;优秀教师在同事中具有较高的威信和明显的影响力,良好的人际关系、教学能力、品德与人格魅力是教师在同事中建立个人威信的重要条件;教师普遍对自己的教育教学工作驾驭力感到自信,"学校欠缺激励性的制度文化"和"教学的反思与研究能力不足"是制约教师教育教学能力发挥的重要因素;环境因素是影响教师领导力的主因,样本教师将教师领导力的现状首先归因于外部的和环境的因素,其次才归因于内部的和自身的因素。     

中等师范学校师生关系现状调查与分析

师生关系作为学校中最基本的人际关系，直接关系到学生成长和教育质量。建立平等、民主、和谐的新型师生关系是师生共同的愿望，也是教育改革的需要。通过对目前中等师范学校师生关系现状的调查分析，发现中师学校师生关系的主流是好的，但也确实存在教师的民主意识欠缺、师生之间交往不多、师生情感距离扩大等一些不能回避的问题。为此。我们提出建立良好的新型师生关系的途径应是：教师要积极通过各种形式和渠道，增进学生的信任感；学生也要严格要求自己，尊重、理解教师；学校应营造良好的教学环境，创设宽松、和谐的教学气氛。     

High School Teachers' Use of Data to Inform Instruction

The expectation that teachers will use student achievement data to improve their instruction is a major feature of national and local reform agendas. The theory of action behind data-driven decision making is a mostly causal model of professional action, whereby teachers diagnose weaknesses and implement solutions. The purpose of this article is to examine how high school teachers, situated within their policy and work contexts, use data to inform instructional decisions. Using a framework that draws upon sense-making and co-construction theories on reform implementation, we analyze qualitative data gathered in 4 urban public high schools in the United States. Findings reveal that the process of data use by teachers is complex, multilayered, and influenced by teacher interpretations and social interactions. Teachers used a variety of forms of data to inform their decision making and struggled to reconcile policies promoting data-driven decision making with local beliefs and practices. Implications for research and policy are discussed.     

影响教学艺术形成的因素分析

教学艺术形成需要提倡创新、崇尚审美、尊重情感的良好社会风气，需要鼓励进步、坚持开放、支持教改的社会舆论，需要先进、多元的社会文化，需要社会制度为之提供良好的教育与完善的条件。教育行政的权威性决定着它对教学艺术形成的重要作用，影响教师教学艺术形成的学校因素主要有：办学理念、校风、管理机制、校本培训等。教学艺术形成需要培养教学艺术精神，其内涵是坚定的教学艺术形成信念，明确的教学艺术形成规划，顽强的教学艺术形成毅力。健康的体魄可以使教师具有形成教学艺术的热情，追求教学艺术的精力。     

Perceptions of the principal’s role in democratic school governance in South Africa

This article explores governors’ perceptions of the role played by school principals in the democratic governance of secondary schools in South Africa. The South African Schools Act No. 84 of 1996 has mandated that all public schools in South Africa must have democratically elected school governing bodies, comprised of the principal (in his or her official capacity), educators, non‐teaching staff, parents and learners, but the latter is applicable only in secondary schools. This reform is intended to foster tolerance, rational discussion and collective decision‐making. In the light of this reform an empirical study investigated the role of the principal in the school governing body (SGB), particularly in promoting parent and learner participation in SGBs. The findings highlighted the important functions that principals fulfil with regard to the functioning of the SGB. Principals are viewed by governors as playing a positive role in SGBs. Governors referred to principals as ‘the finger on the pulse of what is happening at school’; they are resource persons for other members of the SGBs and ‘the engines’ of the schools. Governors viewed the principal as in charge of the professional management of the school, ensuring that all duties are carried out adequately, setting the tone in SGB meetings, and responsible for interpreting education policies and ensuring that they are well implemented. Furthermore, principals have the responsibility of ensuring the maximum participation of both parent and learner governors in SGBs meetings. Principals can also contribute greatly to school governance issues, since they are usually at an advantage in terms of their familiarity with official regulations, provincial directives and knowledge of educational reform measures. The findings highlighted persistent power struggles in rural schools that may arise when principals overplay their roles as this creates tension among SGB members. However, principals enabled implementation of democratic values such as tolerance, rational discussion and collective decision‐making in schools through their leadership roles.     

Teacher perceptions of the goals of effective school reform and their own role in it

The role of the teacher in the modern school system is increasingly important and complex. A teacher needs a high level of professional knowledge and autonomous decision‐making when faced with professional challenges. The curricular reform in Slovenia has encompassed several areas of teachers’ professional activities. This paper establishes that declarative goals by themselves are not enough for successful introduction of reform, as the achievement of reform goals in practice is highly dependent on teacher perceptions and how actively they are involved in all phases of the reform. The empirical study examined how teachers understand the main aim of the reform, and how they evaluate their own level of competence in areas which have gained in importance as a result of the reform. The study included 468 primary and grammar school teachers. The results show that teachers have a fairly narrow view of the goals of the reform. The categories stressing a more active and responsible role of the learner (in line with modern models of instruction and learner‐centred paradigms of curriculum development) did not rank highly. The study also points at areas where teachers need additional training. The importance of quality teacher education at pre‐service and in‐service levels is stressed as a pillar of effective school reform.     

Toward solidarity as the ground for changing science education

In science education, reform frequently is conceived and implemented in a top-down fashion, whether teachers are required to engage in change by their principals or superintendents (through high-stakes testing and accountability measures) or by researchers, who inform teachers about alternatives they ought to implement. In this position paper on science education policy, I draw on first philosophy to argue for a different approach to reform, one that involves all stakeholders—teachers, interns, school and university supervisors, and, above all, students—who participate in efforts to understand and change their everyday praxis of teaching and learning. Once all stakeholders experience control over the shaping and changing of classroom learning (i.e., experience agency), they may recognize that they really are in it together, that is, they experience a sense of solidarity. Drawing on ethnographic vignettes, science teaching examples, and philosophical concepts, I outline how more democratic approaches to reform can be enabled.     

Suitable work for women? Roles,relationships and changing identities of ‘other adults’ in the early years classroom

This article explores some of the issues around the agenda for workforce reform as it applies to professionals who work in early years classrooms (4–7 year olds), who work alongside class teachers in supporting learning. Their changing roles, responsibilities and professional identities are examined through a small scale case study of four women, two nursery nurses and two teaching assistants, from an infants school in a suburb of Bristol. Their close professional and personal relationships with the six female class teachers with whom thery work are considered. Their stories are analysed for their significance as women whose levels of skill and dedication are undervalued in terms of career structure, salary and job security. Whilst contributing to the debates around the changing roles and the valuable work of teaching assistants, this research endorses the view that these professionals' voices are too often silenced in educational debates and in strategic decision making.     

新课改背景下班主任工作评价的实践与探索

班主任工作评价是学校教育评价的重要部分。新课改的全面推进要求重建学校教育教学管理制度，建立民主科学、旨在促进教师专业成长的评价制度。本文就建立学生对班主任进行客观评价的机制，开辟班主任评价新途径进行了探索和实践，提出了班主任学生评价的考核标准和评价指标，以期实现班主任工作评价的民主科学化管理，推进班主任队伍的整体优化。     

新课改形势下历史教学中新型师生关系的构建尝试

中学历史教学中师生关系的现状和课程改革的发展决定了构建新型师生关系的必要。作为中学历史教师,积极投身改革,在实践中建立新型师生关系成为必需。     

Learning from those who no longer teach: Viewing teacher attrition through a resistance lens

Most public school teachers in the United States now leave the classroom before reaching retirement. Research on teacher attrition has tended to focus on novice teachers, using human capital or organizational theories to understand trends in teacher exit. This study examines the accounts of certified, experienced teachers who left teaching after making significant investments in the career. The accounts of these invested leavers are examined through a lens of resistance, illuminating issues of power as well as the ideals of teaching that may be expressed through the decision to leave.     

Data-informed curriculum reform: Which data,what purposes,and promoting and hindering factors

Schools face a lot of data on the functioning of their school which they can use to make improvements in teaching, learning and the organization. For data use to lead to improvement, it is important to further research the concept data-driven decision making. The results of this explorative study in the Netherlands show that teachers mainly use classroom level data for making instructional decisions at classroom level, and school leaders mainly use school level data for policy development decisions. This article ends with suggestions with regard to enhancing the effectiveness of data-driven decision making, for example by stressing the importance of developing teachers' competence in the use of data.     

初中数学教学如何建立民主、平等、和谐的师生关系

近年来,中学数学教学倡导以生为本的思想,重视建立新型的师生关系。为此,需要创建一个民主、和谐、平等的师生关系,这样才能让中学生的学习主动性和创造性真正体现出来,学生才能更好的学会生活和发展。本文以初中数学教学为例,从树立争取的学生观、要平等的对待学生、培训学生的民主意识和加强师生之间的沟通四个方面对如何建立民主、平等、和谐的师生关系进行了探讨,拟对做好初中数学教学工作提供一点借鉴。