多科性大学优势学科群开放平台的构建策略

我国高校的学科建设面临的突出问题是学科建设中的“结构优化”、“学术梯队的整合及其评价、管理体制”的问题。围绕优势学科群开放平台的构建,优化专业、课程,以及建设好与之相适应的师资队伍是解决这一问题的关键。     

Conceptions of quality in four different disciplines

Abstract

The paper is based on a book (written by the author and his colleague Markku Lehikoinen) dealing with definitions of quality and views on the applicability of different methods of quality assessment to four different disciplinary fields: physics, biology, sociology and history. The paper focuses on conceptions and definitions of quality voiced by scholars representing the different disciplines. The study involved semi‐structured in depth interviews with 33 experienced scholars. The disciplines under study were chosen to represent diverse disciplinary cultures, with the aim of finding out about the potential impact of (social and cognitive) cultural characteristics of the disciplines on conceptions of quality. The findings show both common views across disciplinary fields and disciplinary differences.     

Reward structures of academic disciplines

This article examined the specific differences in the salary reward structures of eight clusters of academic disciplines included in Biglan's three-dimensional model of the academic profession. The sample consisted of 1.320 faculty at a large research university who responded to the Faculty Activity Analysis questionnaire requesting information on the amount of time they devoted each week to eleven categories of professional responsibility. These measures were used to predict faculty salaries in the eight discipline clusters. The results demonstrated wide variation in the reward structures of these discipline clusters.     

Teaching,research and scholarship in different disciplines

Teaching and research are the primary functions of academics in all academic disciplines in all Australian universities. Scholarship is expected of all academics whether in the university or college sector. Under a new policy Australian higher education institutions have to develop educational profiles that will describe their strengths in teaching and research. The federal government, and indeed, institutions, are developing and using performance indicators to distribute resources. Some of these, e.g. number of publications, number of research grants, and number of Ph.D. graduates are disadvantaging the Humanities. This paper addresses differences in four disciplines, Chemistry, Engineering, English and Law as they are described by other researchers and emerge from a questionnaire study at an Australian university.     

Critical thinking and the disciplines reconsidered

This paper argues that Moore's specifist defence of critical thinking as ‘diverse modes of thought in the disciplines’, which appeared in Higher Education Research & Development, 30(3), 2011, is flawed as it entrenches relativist attitudes toward the important skill of critical thinking. The paper outlines the critical thinking debate, distinguishes between ‘top-down’, ‘bottom-up’ and ‘relativist’ approaches and locates Moore's account therein. It uses examples from one discipline-specific area, namely, the discipline of Literature, to show that the generalist approach to critical thinking does not ‘leave something out’ and outlines why teaching ‘generic’ critical thinking skills is central to tertiary education, teaching and learning, and employment opportunities for students. The paper also defends the assessment of critical thinking skills.     

对学校课程建设的几点思考

学校课程是对原有的活动课和选修课的继承和发展。学校课程的内容分为学校物质文化课程、学校精神文化课程和学校制度文化课程,它具有校本性、多样性、发展性和时代性等特征。学校课程建设应遵循民主开放的原则、因校制宜原则、发展性原则和目标导向性原则,注意一系列问题。     

人文学科教育改革探论

当前，我国人文学科教育不仅忽视了人文学科建设和人文学科原真意义的挖掘。而且日益走上了知识化、专业化的狭路，教学方式也相当僵化，必须进行改革。人文学科教育的改革应以人文学科的使命为出发点，革新人文学科课程体系，淡化专业界限，进行课程优化组合，以“师、范”育人，提高教学水平。     

Lessons learned from statistical reform efforts in other disciplines

Compelling arguments for reform of statistical practices have been made in many disciplines, in some cases over several decades, but achieving reform has proved difficult. We discuss how reform has progressed—or not progressed—in psychology, medicine, and ecology and describe case studies of attempts by pioneering journal editors to change statistical practices. Lessons for those seeking reform in education include the need to recognize the importance of journal editors and of provision of articles, books, and software that give practical guidance to researchers wishing to use the recommended statistical techniques. Research is required on recommended techniques so that statistical practice can become evidence based. Also, improvement in statistical practice should be encouraged along with improvement in the way a discipline theorizes. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 441–449, 2007.     

Stepping out: collaborative research across disciplines

This paper offers the experiences and insights of two faculty members, located in two separate disciplines, as they engaged in collaborative research. While knowledge created by stepping out and reaching across disciplines reflects the reality of an increasingly complex world, their experiences highlight both the benefits of a supportive collaborative partnership as well as the risks and discomfort experienced without tangible discipline support, when researchers stray too far from their home discipline. While transparency and attention to process is critical to all researchers engaged in collaborative partnership, its necessity is heightened when venturing beyond the territory of familiar disciplines.     

Making sense of the new academic disciplines

Peter Shaw is consulting editor of Academic Questions and Will Ariedl Durant Professor of Humanities for 1990–1991 at St. Peter’s College, Jersey City, NJ 07306.     

利用学科交叉,创新教学仪器

该文主要介绍了利用学科交叉技术发明的流量检测与自动控制实验仪的设计思想、原理、实现方法及其应用，同时阐述了专利仪器的发明对激发学生自主创新精神的作用。     

Reputation and reality: ranking major disciplines in Australian universities

League tables that rank universities may use reputational measures, performance measures, or both. Each type of measure has strengths and weaknesses. In this paper, we rank disciplines in Australian universities both by reputation, using an international survey of senior academics, and with actual performance measures. We then compare the two types of measures to see how closely they match. The criterion we use for both sets of measures is ‘international academic standing’. We find a high correlation between the survey results and the various measures of research performance. We also find a correlation between the quality of student intake and the survey rankings, but the satisfaction levels of recent graduates do not correlate well with the rankings by academics. We then construct an overall measure of performance, which gives very similar rankings to the survey results, especially for the top-ranked institutions.

高水平大学学科费用系数的测算

在假设“大学内部不同学科的花费相对不同”的前提下,以 20 所大学内设学院为基本单位,具体测算主要学科间的生均成本比例。通过对样本经费支出的多种统计,得出文科的学科费用系数为1,工科和农科为1.4,理科为1.6,医科和艺术类学科为1.8。     

Critique in academic disciplines and active learning of academic content

This article argues for increased theoretical specificity in the active learning process. Whereas constructivist learning emphasizes construction of meaning, the process articulated here complements meaning construction with disciplinary critique. This process is an implication of how disciplinary communities generate new knowledge claims, which is comprised by an interaction of roles – authors construct claims and peers critique them. Because disciplinary critique drives and shapes generation of knowledge claims, specialized features of these claims both justify and define their meaning. Here science is offered as an example, in which critique drives measurement of key concepts, thereby anchoring their meaning in operational definitions. The account of active learning proposed sheds new light on both historical and contemporary characterizations of active learning in terms of taking a critical stance toward content, in which the learner questions and challenges content. Thus students, rather than teachers, should actively challenge their emerging understanding of content.     

分层次视角下高职精品课程建设与管理探析

针对河北省高职院校精品课程建设情况,从国家示范院校、国家骨干院校、省级示范院校、普通高职院校等不同层次,分析了推动高职院校精品课程建设的关键因素：不断更新升级的高职教育理念;示范（骨干）院校建设项目;国家、省、校三级培育、遴选、验收评估机制。同时指出制约高职院校精品课程建设与管理的主要问题：课程布局在院校分布上不均衡;课程网站评审色彩浓厚,教学共享功能薄弱;部分课程建设功利性强,呈现反向示范效应;课程建设质量评估缺乏过程性监控。     

突破学科界限化特色学科的历史惯性为龙头效应

学校办学历史悠久、学科特色明显是优势,但太厚重的历史和太突出的特色又可能会增加变革的难度,反而限制了发展的速度。我校是一所具有较长办学历史,学科特色明显的学校。如何既能巩固特色学科的优势,又能协调发展其他学科,是我校长期思索和需要解决的问题。近几年我校逐步厘清学科建设思路,以定位合理的学科建设理念为指导,大力推进学科建设,实践效果良好。