体育锻炼对香港大学生身体自我概念的影响

以“身体自我描述问卷”为研究工具，研究体育锻炼对香港大学生身体自我概念的影响，被试为香港某大学的56名学生。研究结果表明，经过6周的体育锻炼之后，男性被试在身体活动、运动能力以及整体身体自我三方面的自我概念较锻炼前有显著性提高，女性被试在协调性、身体活动、运动能力、整体身体自我、外貌、力量、耐力（体能）以及整体自尊等方面的自我概念较锻炼前有显著性提高。     

Taekwondo training and fitness in female adolescents

In this study, we determined the specificity of a low frequency taekwondo training programme on physical fitness levels in adolescent females who receive limited physical education instruction (i.e. 2 days per week). Major components of physical fitness assessed were: skeletal muscle fitness (hand grip strength, bent arm hang, standing long jump, and isokinetic strength), flexibility (sit-and-reach test), speed and agility (10 × 5-m shuttle run), and cardiovascular fitness (VO(2max) and 20-m shuttle run). Changes in body composition were also assessed (dual X-ray absorptiometry, DXA). Participants were divided into two groups, a taekwondo training group (n = 21), which trained 50 min a day, 2 days per week for 12 weeks, and a control group (n = 10). Taekwondo training improved isokinetic strength, standing long jump, and sit-and-reach performance. Body fat mass and percent body fat were reduced. No changes in grip strength, bent arm hang time, speed and agility, or cardiorespiratory fitness were observed. Results indicate that low frequency taekwondo training in adolescent females produces beneficial changes in skeletal muscle fitness, flexibility, and body composition in a relatively short period of time. Consequently, this specific type of training can be useful to female adolescents in structured school environments where physical education classes are limited and there is little free time for physical activity.     

耐力、力量和混合运动对成年C57BL/6小鼠骨骼肌卫星细胞激活信号通路的影响

目的:研究耐力、力量、混合运动3种训练方式激活静息状态卫星细胞的能力.方法:将32只3月龄C57BL/6小鼠随机分成4组:安静组(C,n=8),耐力运动训练组(E,n=8),力量运动训练组(S,n=8),混合运动训练组(M,n=8).经过28周运动干涉后,采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测胫骨前肌卫星细胞激活信号通路中相关基因(nNOS,MMP-2,HGF,c-met) mRNA的转录水平.结果:1)与安静组相比,3组运动训练组C57BL/6小鼠胫骨前肌与体重的比值增加;2)耐力训练组nNOS,HGF,c-met mRNA转录水平显著增加,MMP-2mRNA无显著性差异;3)力量训练组nNOS,MMP-2,HGF,c-met mRNA转录水平显著增加;4)混合训练组nNOS,MMP-2,c-met mRNA转录水平无显著性变化,HGF mRNA转录水平显著增加.结论:力量运动对骨骼肌中卫星细胞的激活具有明显的促进作用,在维持骨骼肌卫星细胞池的数量和促进骨骼肌肥大中具有显著意义;耐力运动能促进卫星细胞的激活,在防止骨骼肌中卫星细胞数量减少,在维持骨骼肌质量和力量上,也有其可取之处;混合训练组在促进卫星细胞激活的过程中,混合运动的效果并不是预期所设想的耐力和力量运动的效果叠加,提示在维持卫星细胞数量和促进骨骼肌肥大上应考虑运动强度、时间和频率,合理安排耐力和力量运动.     

Effect of resistance training regimens on treadmill running and neuromuscular performance in recreational endurance runners

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of heavy resistance, explosive resistance, and muscle endurance training on neuromuscular, endurance, and high-intensity running performance in recreational endurance runners. Twenty-seven male runners were divided into one of three groups: heavy resistance, explosive resistance or muscle endurance training. After 6 weeks of preparatory training, the groups underwent an 8-week resistance training programme as a supplement to endurance training. Before and after the 8-week training period, maximal strength (one-repetition maximum), electromyographic activity of the leg extensors, countermovement jump height, maximal speed in the maximal anaerobic running test, maximal endurance performance, maximal oxygen uptake ([V·]O(?max)), and running economy were assessed. Maximal strength improved in the heavy (P = 0.034, effect size ES = 0.38) and explosive resistance training groups (P = 0.003, ES = 0.67) with increases in leg muscle activation (heavy: P = 0.032, ES = 0.38; explosive: P = 0.002, ES = 0.77). Only the heavy resistance training group improved maximal running speed in the maximal anaerobic running test (P = 0.012, ES = 0.52) and jump height (P = 0.006, ES = 0.59). Maximal endurance running performance was improved in all groups (heavy: P = 0.005, ES = 0.56; explosive: P = 0.034, ES = 0.39; muscle endurance: P = 0.001, ES = 0.94), with small though not statistically significant improvements in [V·]O(?max) (heavy: ES = 0.08; explosive: ES = 0.29; muscle endurance: ES = 0.65) and running economy (ES in all groups < 0.08). All three modes of strength training used concurrently with endurance training were effective in improving treadmill running endurance performance. However, both heavy and explosive strength training were beneficial in improving neuromuscular characteristics, and heavy resistance training in particular contributed to improvements in high-intensity running characteristics. Thus, endurance runners should include heavy resistance training in their training programmes to enhance endurance performance, such as improving sprinting ability at the end of a race.     

Low-intensity electrical muscle stimulation induces significant increases in muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of low-intensity exercise training using belt electrode skeletal muscle electrical stimulation on muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy subjects. Nineteen healthy subjects were allocated into control or intervention groups; in both groups the participants kept regular physical activity while the intervention group underwent 30 min B-SES training at 3–4 METs for four weeks. Knee extensor muscle strength and cardiorespiratory endurance during incremental exercise test were measured at baseline and after four weeks for all participants. The relative change of knee extensor muscle strength in the intervention group was significantly higher than control group (p?p?相似文献   

对羽毛球项目若干体育训练观念的质疑

问卷调查结果表明, 对羽毛球专项若干体能训练原理的片面认识是导致我国羽毛球运动员体能下降的重要原因之一。本文通过文献综述法, 对我国羽毛球界在项目能量代谢特征、无氧阈训练、专项体能与一般体能的关系及爆发力训练原理等方面的传统认只进行了剖析和再论证, 指出: 无氧糖酵解在羽毛球供能体系中占重要地位, 无氧阈训练能更有效地提高爆发力, 且对改善力量耐力也有明显的促进作用     

The British Olympic Association's Position Statement on Athlete Confidentiality

Abstract

In this study, we determined the specificity of a low frequency taekwondo training programme on physical fitness levels in adolescent females who receive limited physical education instruction (i.e. 2 days per week). Major components of physical fitness assessed were: skeletal muscle fitness (hand grip strength, bent arm hang, standing long jump, and isokinetic strength), flexibility (sit-and-reach test), speed and agility (10 × 5-m shuttle run), and cardiovascular fitness ([Vdot]O _2max and 20-m shuttle run). Changes in body composition were also assessed (dual X-ray absorptiometry, DXA). Participants were divided into two groups, a taekwondo training group (n = 21), which trained 50 min a day, 2 days per week for 12 weeks, and a control group (n = 10). Taekwondo training improved isokinetic strength, standing long jump, and sit-and-reach performance. Body fat mass and percent body fat were reduced. No changes in grip strength, bent arm hang time, speed and agility, or cardiorespiratory fitness were observed. Results indicate that low frequency taekwondo training in adolescent females produces beneficial changes in skeletal muscle fitness, flexibility, and body composition in a relatively short period of time. Consequently, this specific type of training can be useful to female adolescents in structured school environments where physical education classes are limited and there is little free time for physical activity.     

Does extensive on-water rowing increase muscular strength and endurance?

The purpose of this study was to compare changes in aerobic condition, strength, and muscular endurance following 8 weeks of endurance rowing alone or in combination with weight-training. Twenty-two elite rowers were assigned to (1) rowing (n = 10, 250-270 km · week?1) or (2) rowing (n = 12, 190-210 km · week?1) plus four weight-training sessions each week. Pre and post mean and standardized effect-size (ES) differences in aerobic condition (watts at 4 mmol · L?1) and strength (isometric pull, N), prone bench-pull (6-repetition maximum, 6-RM), 5- and 30-repetition leg-press and 60-repetition seated-arm-pull (J, performed on a dynamometer) normalized by body mass and log-transformed were analysed, after adjusting for gender. The standardized differences between groups were trivial for aerobic condition (ES [±90% CI] = 0.15; ±0.28, P = 0.37) and prone bench-pull (ES = 0.27; ±0.33, P = 0.18), although a moderate positive benefit in favour of rowing only was observed for the seated-arm-pull (ES = 0.42; ±0.4, P = 0.08). Only the weight-training group improved isometric pull (12.4 ± 8.9%, P < 0.01), 5-repetition (4.0 ± 5.7%, P < 0.01) and 30-repetition (2.4 ± 5.4%, P < 0.01) leg-press. In conclusion, while gains in aerobic condition and upper-body strength were comparable to extensive endurance rowing, weight-training led to moderately greater lower-body muscular-endurance and strength gains.     

运动处方教学模式理论下对开发高校普通大学生体适能课的实证研究

运用文献资料法、专家访谈法、实地测试法等研究方法,探索高校普通大学生田径选项课种类的开发以及各种类型体适能课对学生身体素质的影响,试图揭示运动处方教学模式背景下,究竟那一种类型体适能选项课对普通大学生身体素质的提高意义深远。研究结果表明:力量核素主导的体适能课、耐力核素主导的体适能课、速度核素主导的体适能课和柔韧核素主导的体适能课四种类型,对大学生身体素质水平反馈指标提升的辐射面不同,其中力量核素主导的体适能课辐射面最广,其次是耐力核素主导体适能课,再次是速度核素主导体适能课,最后是柔韧核素主导体适能课。     

有氧训练和力量训练对男性中老年体成分和骨密度的影响

本研究旨在通过调研和身体素质测试的方法,比较长期从事有氧运动和两种方式结合锻炼的两种中老年人各种素质指标之间的差异,研究两种锻炼方式对中老年人身体素质的影响。通过问卷调查将社区50-60岁居民120人(均为男性)分为有氧锻炼组(60人),两者结合组(60人)。在锻炼前后各进行两次体质测试,比较各指标均值差异。研究结果:适量规律的力量训练和有氧锻炼可以提高中老年人的身体素质,对心肺功能有一定的正向作用。     

Combined training,FNDC5/irisin levels and metabolic markers in obese men: A randomised controlled trial

The effects of training on FNDC5/irisin and its association with fitness and metabolic marker improvements induced by training have been poorly investigated in humans. Thus, the present study assessed the effects of combined training (CT) on FNDC5/irisin levels, metabolic markers and fitness adaptations in obese men. Middle-age obese men (age 49.13?±?5.75, body mass index (BMI) 30.86?±?1.63) were randomly distributed in the CT group (n?=?12) and control group (CG n?=?10). The CT consisted of strength followed by aerobic training, 3 times/week, for 24 weeks. Body composition, physical fitness, plasma FNDC5/irisin, biochemical markers and metabolic scores/index were evaluated. CT maintained FNDC5/irisin levels (µg/mL) (pre: 4.15?±?0.32, post: 4.21?±?0.32; p?=?.96) and improved body composition, metabolic and physical fitness markers. In the CG, decreased FNDC5/irisin (µg/mL) (pre: 4.36?±?0.23, post: 3.57?±?0.94; p?=?.01) and reduced strength (supine exercise/kg) (pre: 71?±?14.7, post: 60.1?±?14.05; p?<?.01) were observed, along with a trend to increase HOMA-IR (pre: 2.63?±?1.11, post: 3.14?±?1.27; p?=?.07) and other indicators of metabolic deterioration. An inverse correlation was found between the change (Δ%) in levels of FNDC5/irisin and Δ% glucose, Δ% total cholesterol, Δ% triglycerides and Δ% waist circumference, in addition to a positive relation with Δ% muscle strength. In conclusion, CT maintained FNDC5/irisin levels and provided metabolic and fitness benefits. The correlation between FNDC5/irisin changes and metabolic parameters, as well as the FNDC5/irisin reduction associated with fitness and metabolic worsening in the CG, suggests a relationship between FNDC5/irisin and a healthy metabolic status in humans.     

冰壶运动员体能训练研究——基于加拿大奥林匹克冰壶队体能训练计划分析

基于加拿大冰壶国家队体能训练计划,对冰壶运动的制胜因素、关键体能因素、训练计划实施进行了深入研究。研究结果显示：运动员身体重心姿态的稳定性和抗疲劳的能力是影响投石准确性的决定因素。加拿大奥林匹克冰壶队体能训练包括短时多样常态的平衡训练;小负荷多次数的一般力量循环练习;贴近冰上动作结构的专项力量耐力训练以及有氧持续训练与有氧间歇训练相结合提高恢复能力。体能训练贯穿全年训练计划始终,平衡训练与核心训练频率较高。     

少年篮球运动员身体机能和素质变化的研究

采用综合性的研究方法,对少年篮球运动员的遗传、身体机能、身体素质、营养恢复等方面的问题进行了研究。结果表明经过训练,少年篮球运动员的身高、体重、握力、最大摄氧量明显增加;速度、耐力、力量、灵敏等身体素质有了明显的进步;进行适宜的力量训练,不仅能够提高肌肉力量,而且对专项素质也有明显的促进作用;服用肌酸、蛋白粉等补剂能增加体重和无氧功峰值。     

湖南省大学生身体素质变化趋势研究

对湖南省1990、1995、2000年进行体质与健康监测的6899名19～22岁的大学生和常德师院1997～2000年2487名学生的5项身体素质指标测试成绩进行了动态分析。结果显示:湖南省大学生身体素质大体上呈下降趋势;各单项素质变化趋势存在差异,速度和下肢力量素质有所改善,上肢力量、柔韧性和耐力素质持续降低;上肢力量和耐力素质下降是学生总分和达标率降低的主要原因;学生、教师和学校等多方面的综合因素影响学生身体素质的水平。建议增加运动场所、设施,加强师资队伍建设,注重培养学生的体育意识,并针对学生的弱项,开出"运动处方",强化训练,促其达标。     

对羽毛球项目若干体能训练原理的理论探讨及训练模式研究

体能与技能的关系、运动项目的主要供能系统及其对运动素质的特殊要求、一般体能与专项体能的关系是我国羽毛球界经常争论的三大问题。本文首先通过理论分析 ,提出了体能与技能的“能量”统一论观点 ;以充实的资料论证无氧代谢是羽毛球制胜的主导供能系统 ,并针对羽毛球专项特点 ,将力量、速度、耐力三大基本素质的关系归纳为 :速度是关键、力量是基础、耐力是保证 ;同时认为一般身体训练对任何运动员都是必须的 ,但前提是应将一般体能训练定义为与专项是有一定联系的 ,至少在局部是相关的。其次 ,以理论分析结果为依据 ,通过体能训练实践 ,提出了一套有效改善羽毛球运动员体能状况新思路和新模式     

高校高水平运动员身体训练控制方法的研究

通过采用综合性研究方法,对高校高水平运动员的机能指标（有氧耐力、无氧耐力）和身体素质与运动能力（力量、速度、灵敏和柔韧等）以及专项技术训练方面的身体训练控制的问题进行了探讨。旨在为高水平运动员的身体训练实施有效的控制提供了理论与实践依据。     

Fördert ein multidimensionales Gesundheitssportprogramm kognitive und motorische Fähigkeiten im höheren Erwachsenenalter?

Research on successful aging has shown that physical training can have positive effects on cognitive and motor functions in the elderly. The article describes a study involving a 12-week multidimensional exercise program (endurance, strength, flexibility and relaxation) with one session per week which was established for older adults (60 years onwards). Cognitive training (e. g. attention, concentration and memory) was additionally targeted in each exercise session. The exercise program was evaluated by different standardized tests regarding its effects on motor and cognitive performance as dependent variables. In a randomized controlled trial with experimental and waiting control group two points of measurement were conducted. The results showed a significant increase in fitness parameters (endurance, strength and dynamic balance) for the experimental group in contrast to the control group. The expected significant increase for cognitive functions was not found. There is still not enough known about the relationship between cognitive function and physical activity in older adults.     

Effects of strength training on physical fitness and sport-specific performance in recreational,sub-elite,and elite rowers: A systematic review with meta-analysis

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to examine the effects of strength training (ST) on selected components of physical fitness (e.g., lower/upper limb maximal strength, muscular endurance, jump performance, cardiorespiratory endurance) and sport-specific performance in rowers. Only studies with an active control group were included if they examined the effects of ST on at least one proxy of physical fitness and/or sport-specific performance in rowers. Weighted and averaged standardized mean differences (SMD) were calculated using random-effects models. Subgroup analyses were computed to identify effects of ST type or expertise level on sport-specific performance. Our analyses revealed significant small effects of ST on lower limb maximal strength (SMD = 0.42, p = 0.05) and on sport-specific performance (SMD = 0.32, p = 0.05). Non-significant effects were found for upper limb maximal strength, upper/lower limb muscular endurance, jump performance, and cardiorespiratory endurance. Subgroup analyses for ST type and expertise level showed non-significant differences between the respective subgroups of rowers (p ≥ 0.32). Our systematic review with meta-analysis indicated that ST is an effective means for improving lower limb maximal strength and sport-specific performance in rowers. However, ST-induced effects are neither modulated by ST type nor rowers’ expertise level.     

大学生身体自尊量表的修订与检验

研究通过对498名中国大学生的自尊问卷调查，结果发现身体自尊是组成中国大学生自尊的重要成分；在此基础上，作者对引进的大学生身体自尊量表（PSPP）进行了修订，旨在为研究我国大学生身体自尊提供科学的测量工具。对194名中国大学生进行了修订后大学生身体自尊量表（包括身体自我价值感主量表和运动技能、身体状况、身体吸引力和身体素质4个分量表）的信、效度检验，结果表明该量表具有较好的信度和效度。但在结构效度上有一些疑问仍需进一步考察。     

Part I: Biomechanics

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the sequence of strength training before endurance training (ST/ET) is more or less effective than endurance training followed by strength training (ET/ST). Twenty‐three females and 11 males were assigned to one of three groups: ST/ET (n= 15), ET/ST (n= 15) or control (n = 4). The 7‐week training programme consisted of strength training using 10 exercises for two sets of 3–12 repetitions and running for 20–25 min at 60–90% of heart rate reserve. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂ max) was measured during a graded treadmill test, and muscular strength was assessed using one‐repetition maximum tests for the bench press (BP), shoulder press (SP), arm curl (AC) and leg press (LP). The VO₂ max significantly (P < 0.05) increased 6.7 and 6.2% for the ST/ET and ET/ST groups, respectively. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference between the two experimental groups. Muscular strength significantly (P <0.05) improved by 15.2% (BP), 16.6% (SP), 17.2% (AC) and 11.9% (LP) for the ST/ET group and 19.9% (BP), 24.1% (SP), 20.9% (AC) and 14.0% (LP) for the ET/ST group. There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences between the two experimental groups for the BP, AC and LP; however, the ET/ST group increased (P < 0.05) SP strength more than the ST/ET group. In conclusion, adaptations to a combination of short‐term endurance and strength training as assessed by VO₂ max and BP, AC and LP strength appear to be independent of whether endurance training occurs prior to or following strength training.